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389 Phil. 141
EN BANC
[ G.R. No. 130408, June 16, 2000 ]
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee, vs. DOMINADOR HISTORILLO, accused-appellant.
D E C I S I O N
BUENA, J.:
Before us by way of automatic review is the judgment of conviction rendered by the Regional Trial Court of Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro, Branch 41, imposing the death penalty in an incestuous rape, said to have been perpetrated by the accused-appellant Dominador Historillo, on his own daughter Jennifer Historillo.
The criminal complaint dated November 29, 1995 reads:
Thereafter, trial ensued. However, when appellant testified, he admitted that he ravished and raped private complainant and that he entered a plea of "not guilty" during arraignment because his wife was then trying to settle the case.[2]
On June 18, 1997, the trial court rendered a decision convicting appellant of the crime of rape and sentencing him to suffer the penalty of death. The dispositive portion of the decision reads:
The Solicitor General sums up the prosecution's case against accused-appellant, viz:
"The trial court erred in convicting the accused of the crime of rape."
four issues have to be resolved, viz.:
Appellant's contention is untenable. A complaint presented by a private person when not sworn to by him, is not necessarily void. The want of an oath is a mere defect of form which does not affect the substantial rights of the defendant on the merits. Such being the case, it is not permissible to set aside a judgment for such a defect.[5] Also, the failure of the prosecution to formally offer in evidence the sworn complaint of the offended party or the failure to adhere to the rules is not fatal and does not oust the court of its jurisdiction to hear and decide the case. If the complaint is forwarded to the Court as part of the record of the preliminary investigation of the case, the court can take judicial notice of the same without the necessity of its formal introduction as evidence of the prosecution.[6]
Anent the second issue, the accused-appellant alleges that the prosecution failed to establish by convincing proof that Mr. Historillo employed force and intimidation against the offended party in order to attain his purpose; that although Jennifer manifested initial reluctance to her fathers erotic demands, she may have later on consented or even voluntarily submitted herself to the consummation of the carnal act allegedly because: 1.) Jennifer did not exhibit a sincere struggle to resist her father's sexual assault, 2.) Jennifer claims she was raped by her father several times so that she had countless opportunities to bring her father to justice, yet she opted to remain silent for quite a longer period of time until she could no longer hide her pregnancy; that her delay in filing a case against her father raised the presumption that it was not rape that was truly committed but a consented crime where she partly assumes the blame; and, 3.) it could not be gleaned from Jennifer's testimony that she was bothered by the incident; normally, a rape victim is expected to recount the incident as had happened actually; and the victim is supposed to remember vividly her revolting experience but that Jennifer seemed to be trying to concoct the events to suit her theory.
The Court is not persuaded by the above arguments of the appellant.
The law does not impose upon a rape victim the burden of proving resistance where there is intimidation.[7] Moreover, in rape committed by a father against his own daughter, as in this case, the former's moral ascendancy and influence over the latter substitutes for violence or intimidation.[8]
On the alleged delay in filing the case against her father, suffice it to state that failure of the complainant to immediately report the rape to the police authorities does not detract from her credibility, her hesitation being attributable to her age, the moral ascendancy of the appellant and his threats against the former.[9] A victim's disclosure that she has been raped must not be taken lightly, as it is not uncommon for a young girl to conceal for some time the assault on her virtue because of the rapist's threats on her life, fear of public humiliation, and/or lack of courage and composure to immediately complain that she has been sexually assaulted.[10]
Appellant alleges that a rape victim is expected to recount the incident as had happened actually; and the victim is supposed to remember vividly her revolting experience but that Jennifer seemed to be trying to concoct the events to suit her theory.
On the contrary, this Court has held countless times that a rape victim is not and cannot be expected to keep an accurate account of her traumatic experience.[11] A court cannot expect a rape victim to remember every ugly detail of the appalling outrage especially so since she might in fact have been trying not to remember them.[12] Rape victims do not cherish in their memories an accurate account of the dates, number of times and manner they were violated.[13]
The most damning evidence against the appellant was his admission that indeed he raped his daughter. He testified on direct examination that:
The third issue, is whether or not the qualifying circumstance of relationship must be alleged in the complaint to justify the imposition of the death penalty. We answer in the affirmative.
The trial court imposed the death penalty on appellant because of the presence of the circumstance of minority of the victim (she was only 12 years old at the time she was raped in February 1994, having been born on December 29, 1981)[15] as well as the relationship of the offender (father) and the victim (daughter), pursuant to Section 11 of Republic Act No. 7659, the pertinent portions of which read:
A reading of the Complaint for rape filed against appellant in the present case reveals that he is merely charged with the crime of simple rape which warrants the imposition of the penalty of reclusion perpetua and not death. This is so because the fact of the minority of the victim and the relationship of the offender as the father of the victim are not alleged in the Complaint. As emphasized in People vs. Ramos, the elements of minority of the victim and her relationship to the offender must concur. Since the charge of rape in the Complaint is not in its qualified form so as to fall under the special qualifying circumstances stated in Sec. 11 of R.A. 7659, the penalty of death should not have been imposed on the appellant.
It has long been the rule that qualifying circumstances must be properly pleaded in the indictment. If the same are not pleaded but proved, they shall be considered only as aggravating circumstances.[21] Indeed, it would be a denial of the right of the accused to be informed of the charges against him and, consequently, a denial of due process, if he is charged with simple rape and be convicted of its qualified form punishable with death, although the attendant circumstance qualifying the offense and resulting in the capital punishment was not alleged in the indictment on which he was arraigned.[22] Thus, the Decision of the trial court imposing the death penalty on the accused-appellant must be modified in that the appellant should be declared guilty of simple rape and sentenced to suffer the lower penalty of reclusion perpetua.
The fourth issue is whether or not the rape victim is also entitled to moral and exemplary damages. We rule that aside from the indemnity of P50,000.00 awarded by the trial court, the victim is also entitled to moral damages, as held in People vs. Prades, even if there was no proof presented during the trial as basis therefor[23] and exemplary damages since the crime was committed with an aggravating circumstance,[24] thus appellant is also liable for P25,000.00 as exemplary damages.[25]
WHEREFORE, the judgment of the trial court convicting appellant DOMINADOR HISTORILLO of qualified rape is MODIFIED in that the appellant is declared guilty of simple rape and is hereby sentenced to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua and to pay Jennifer Historillo the sum of P50,000.00 by way of indemnity, P50,000.00 as moral damages and P25,000.00 as exemplary damages.
SO ORDERED.
Davide, Jr., C.J., Bellosillo, Melo, Puno, Kapunan, Mendoza, Panganiban, Quisumbing, Purisima, Pardo, Gonzaga-Reyes, Ynares-Santiago, and De Leon, Jr., JJ., concur.
Vitug, J., on official business.
[1] Original Records, pp. 15-16.
[2] TSN, June 6, 1997, pp. 3-4.
[3] RTC Decision, Original Records, pp. 50-59.
[4] Appellee's Brief, pp. 5-7; Rollo, pp. 93-95.
[5] U.S. vs. Bibal, 4 Phil. 369.
[6] People vs. Sunpongco, 163 SCRA 222, Remedial Law by Oscar Herrera, Vol. IV, p. 49.
[7] People vs. Penero, 276 SCRA 564.
[8] People vs. Escober, 281 SCRA 498; People vs. Burce, 269 SCRA 293.
[9] People vs. Antipona, 274 SCRA 328.
[10] People vs. Adora, 275 SCRA 441.
[11] People vs. Garcia, 281 SCRA 463.
[12] People vs. Butron, 272 SCRA 352.
[13] People vs. Zaballero, 274 SCRA 627.
[14] TSN, June 6, 1997, pp. 3-4.
[15] Birth Certificate of Jennifer Historillo, Exh. "B", Orig. Records, p. 42.
[16] 281 SCRA 463.
[17] G.R. No. 129439, Sept. 25, 1998; 296 SCRA 559.
[18] G.R. No. 129529, Sept. 29, 1998; 296 SCRA 658.
[19] G.R. No. 126575, Dec. 11, 1998; 300 SCRA 98.
[20] G.R. No. 121212, Jan. 20, 1999; 301 SCRA 192.
[21] People vs. Jovellano, et al., 56 SCRA 156 (1974); People vs. Fuertes, 229 SCRA 289 (1994), cited in People vs. Garcia, 281 SCRA 463.
[22] People vs. Garcia, 281 SCRA 463.
[23] G.R. No. 127569, July 30, 1998, 293 SCRA 411.
[24] People vs. Estares, 282 SCRA 524.
[25] People vs. Calayca, G.R. No. 121212, Jan. 20, 1999; 301 SCRA 192.
The criminal complaint dated November 29, 1995 reads:
"That in the month of March 1995, or thereabouts, at sitio Bacolod, Barangay Quinabigan, Municipality of Pinamalayan, Province of Oriental Mindoro, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused Dominador Historillo, by means of force and intimidation, with lewd and unchaste design, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously lay with and have carnal knowledge with the undersigned, against her will and without her consent.During the arraignment, appellant, with the assistance of counsel, entered a plea of "not guilty."[1]
"CONTRARY to Article 335 of the Revised Penal Code, in relation to R.A. 7659.
Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro.
November 29, 1995.
(SGD) JENNIFER HISTORILLO
Offended Party"
(p. 1, Record)
Thereafter, trial ensued. However, when appellant testified, he admitted that he ravished and raped private complainant and that he entered a plea of "not guilty" during arraignment because his wife was then trying to settle the case.[2]
On June 18, 1997, the trial court rendered a decision convicting appellant of the crime of rape and sentencing him to suffer the penalty of death. The dispositive portion of the decision reads:
"WHEREFORE, in the light of the foregoing, the Court finds and so holds that accused DOMINADOR HISTORILLO is guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of RAPE as punished under Article 335 of the Revised Penal Code and in view of the new amendment introduced by Republic Act No. 7659 to Article 335 of the RPC, he is hereby sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of DEATH and to indemnify the offended party in the amount of Fifty Thousand (P50,000.00) Pesos. Cost against the accused.Considering the imposition of the extreme penalty of death, the records of the case were forwarded to this Honorable Court for automatic review.
"SO ORDERED."[3]
The Solicitor General sums up the prosecution's case against accused-appellant, viz:
"Private complainant Jennifer Historillo was only between 12 and 13 years old when she was repeatedly raped by her own father. The first incident of rape happened in February 1994, the second in March 1994, the third in April 1994, the fourth in June 1994 and the last in March 1995, which happened at their residence in Quinabigan, Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro. (p. 19, tsn, March 6, 1997)Although appellant raises a lone assignment of error, to wit:
"According to the testimony of Jennifer Historillo, the last rape incident happened sometime in March 1995 at about 11:00 in the evening. Appellant came home drunk. At that time, Jennifer was sleeping in the bedroom together with her three (3) sisters, aged 6, 5, and 3. Her mother was then at Lipa City working as a maid. Appellant dragged Jennifer from the room to the sala. Her sisters who were awakened cried, but remained in the room. Appellant then strangled Jennifer's neck, removed her shorts and inserted his penis into her vagina. Jennifer shouted `Huwag po Itay,' however, it fell on deaf ears as appellant continued to satisfy his lust. He concluded by threatening to kill her. (pp. 4-6, tsn, ibid, p. 20, tsn, ibid).
"Jennifer told her sister Juliet about the incident, who in turn, told their mother about it. She did not report it directly to her mother because of her father's threat to kill them. Unfortunately, Jennifer became pregnant. (p. 6, tsn, ibid).
"In August 1995, their family moved to Naujan, Oriental Mindoro because her parents were trying to hide Jennifer's pregnancy from her aunts. (p. 8, tsn, ibid.)
"Jennifer's maternal aunts, Flora Marlin and Norma Mangaring later found out that she was pregnant and took custody of her on October 24, 1995 (p. 14, tsn, Jan. 9, 1995). On the same date, Dra. Ma. Cristina L. Gonzales, a medical officer at the Provincial Health Office, DOH, Calapan, Oriental Mindoro examined her and made the following medical findings:
x x x`External genitalia: with old complete hymenal laceration at 5 o'clock position; with old incomplete hymenal laceration at 1, 3, 5, 6, 9 and 11 o'clock positions. Internal examination: Cervix - soft, closed, no wriggling tenderness. Uterus - enlarged to 7-8 months AOG. Adnexae - negative. Laboratory examination: Cervico vaginal smear for the presence of spermatozoa revealed positive result. Diagnosis - pregnancy uterine 35 weeks, cephalic, not in labor (SGA)' (p. 4, tsn, May 9, 1997)'"As a result of the sexual abuse, Jennifer delivered a baby girl at the Provincial Hospital in Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro on November 16, 1996. (p. 9, tsn, March 6, 1997).
"When appellant testified in court, he admitted that he raped his daughter, Jennifer and that he was aware of the consequences of his admission that he might be sentenced to death."[4]
"The trial court erred in convicting the accused of the crime of rape."
four issues have to be resolved, viz.:
On the first issue, accused-appellant maintains that he was convicted based on a defective criminal complaint because the complaint was not sworn to by Jennifer Historillo herself, and assuming the unsubscribed complaint to be valid, the same was not introduced as evidence for the prosecution.I
Whether or not lack of oath in a criminal complaint invalidates the judgment of conviction.II
Whether or not appellant was correctly convicted of rape.III
Whether or not the qualifying circumstance of relationship must be alleged in the complaint to justify the imposition of the death penalty.IV
Whether or not the rape victim is also entitled to moral and exemplary damages.
Appellant's contention is untenable. A complaint presented by a private person when not sworn to by him, is not necessarily void. The want of an oath is a mere defect of form which does not affect the substantial rights of the defendant on the merits. Such being the case, it is not permissible to set aside a judgment for such a defect.[5] Also, the failure of the prosecution to formally offer in evidence the sworn complaint of the offended party or the failure to adhere to the rules is not fatal and does not oust the court of its jurisdiction to hear and decide the case. If the complaint is forwarded to the Court as part of the record of the preliminary investigation of the case, the court can take judicial notice of the same without the necessity of its formal introduction as evidence of the prosecution.[6]
Anent the second issue, the accused-appellant alleges that the prosecution failed to establish by convincing proof that Mr. Historillo employed force and intimidation against the offended party in order to attain his purpose; that although Jennifer manifested initial reluctance to her fathers erotic demands, she may have later on consented or even voluntarily submitted herself to the consummation of the carnal act allegedly because: 1.) Jennifer did not exhibit a sincere struggle to resist her father's sexual assault, 2.) Jennifer claims she was raped by her father several times so that she had countless opportunities to bring her father to justice, yet she opted to remain silent for quite a longer period of time until she could no longer hide her pregnancy; that her delay in filing a case against her father raised the presumption that it was not rape that was truly committed but a consented crime where she partly assumes the blame; and, 3.) it could not be gleaned from Jennifer's testimony that she was bothered by the incident; normally, a rape victim is expected to recount the incident as had happened actually; and the victim is supposed to remember vividly her revolting experience but that Jennifer seemed to be trying to concoct the events to suit her theory.
The Court is not persuaded by the above arguments of the appellant.
The law does not impose upon a rape victim the burden of proving resistance where there is intimidation.[7] Moreover, in rape committed by a father against his own daughter, as in this case, the former's moral ascendancy and influence over the latter substitutes for violence or intimidation.[8]
On the alleged delay in filing the case against her father, suffice it to state that failure of the complainant to immediately report the rape to the police authorities does not detract from her credibility, her hesitation being attributable to her age, the moral ascendancy of the appellant and his threats against the former.[9] A victim's disclosure that she has been raped must not be taken lightly, as it is not uncommon for a young girl to conceal for some time the assault on her virtue because of the rapist's threats on her life, fear of public humiliation, and/or lack of courage and composure to immediately complain that she has been sexually assaulted.[10]
Appellant alleges that a rape victim is expected to recount the incident as had happened actually; and the victim is supposed to remember vividly her revolting experience but that Jennifer seemed to be trying to concoct the events to suit her theory.
On the contrary, this Court has held countless times that a rape victim is not and cannot be expected to keep an accurate account of her traumatic experience.[11] A court cannot expect a rape victim to remember every ugly detail of the appalling outrage especially so since she might in fact have been trying not to remember them.[12] Rape victims do not cherish in their memories an accurate account of the dates, number of times and manner they were violated.[13]
The most damning evidence against the appellant was his admission that indeed he raped his daughter. He testified on direct examination that:
The trial court, therefore, correctly convicted the accused-appellant of the crime of rape.
"Atty. Manalo: Q You heard her stated (sic) before this court that sometime in March 1995 at Bacolod, Quinabigan, Pinamalayan, you sexually abused her. A Yes, sir. Q What can you say about that testimony of Jennifer? A That is true, sir. Q Are you sure of your answer? A Yes, sir. Q Are you aware of the consequences of your testimony? A Yes, sir. Q Are you aware that by testifying and admitting that you raped your daughter you might be sentenced to death penalty? A I know that, sir. Q Despite that knowledge that you might be sentenced to death you are still insisting on your answer that there is truth in the testimony of Jennifer that you raped her on March, 1995? A Yes, sir. x x x x x x x x x COURT: x x x x x x x x x Q You are aware that by the manner you are testifying now you might be sentenced to death? A I am praying this court that at least my sentence will be for life and not death. CROSS EXAMINATION
BY FISCAL DELOS REYES:Q You were coerced by anybody in any manner in making your declaration in court today? A Nobody, sir." [14]
The third issue, is whether or not the qualifying circumstance of relationship must be alleged in the complaint to justify the imposition of the death penalty. We answer in the affirmative.
The trial court imposed the death penalty on appellant because of the presence of the circumstance of minority of the victim (she was only 12 years old at the time she was raped in February 1994, having been born on December 29, 1981)[15] as well as the relationship of the offender (father) and the victim (daughter), pursuant to Section 11 of Republic Act No. 7659, the pertinent portions of which read:
The above-quoted portion provides, inter alia, that where the victim of the crime of rape is under eighteen (18) years of age and the offender is a parent of the victim, the death penalty shall be imposed. This is among the seven (7) circumstances enumerated in Section 11, which, as we have held in the case of People vs. Garcia,[16] are considered special qualifying circumstances specifically applicable to the crime of rape. In Garcia, this Court en banc declared that "although the crime is still denominated as rape, such circumstances have changed the nature of simple rape by producing a qualified form thereof punishable by the higher penalty of death. We reiterated this ruling in subsequent en banc cases of People vs. Ramos[17] People vs. Leopoldo Ilao,[18] People vs. Omar Medina,[19] and People vs. Artemio Calayca,[20] with further pronouncement that these seven new attendant circumstances introduced in Section 11 of R.A. No. 7659 "partake of the nature of qualifying circumstances and not merely aggravating circumstances," since the said qualifying circumstances are punishable by the single indivisible penalty of death and not reclusion perpetua to death.
"The death penalty shall also be imposed if the crime of rape is committed with any of the following attendant circumstances:
"1. When the victim is under eighteen (18) years of age and the offender is a parent, ascendant, step-parent, guardian, relative by consanguinity or affinity within the third civil degree, or the common-law spouse of the parent of the victim.x x x x x x x x x"
A reading of the Complaint for rape filed against appellant in the present case reveals that he is merely charged with the crime of simple rape which warrants the imposition of the penalty of reclusion perpetua and not death. This is so because the fact of the minority of the victim and the relationship of the offender as the father of the victim are not alleged in the Complaint. As emphasized in People vs. Ramos, the elements of minority of the victim and her relationship to the offender must concur. Since the charge of rape in the Complaint is not in its qualified form so as to fall under the special qualifying circumstances stated in Sec. 11 of R.A. 7659, the penalty of death should not have been imposed on the appellant.
It has long been the rule that qualifying circumstances must be properly pleaded in the indictment. If the same are not pleaded but proved, they shall be considered only as aggravating circumstances.[21] Indeed, it would be a denial of the right of the accused to be informed of the charges against him and, consequently, a denial of due process, if he is charged with simple rape and be convicted of its qualified form punishable with death, although the attendant circumstance qualifying the offense and resulting in the capital punishment was not alleged in the indictment on which he was arraigned.[22] Thus, the Decision of the trial court imposing the death penalty on the accused-appellant must be modified in that the appellant should be declared guilty of simple rape and sentenced to suffer the lower penalty of reclusion perpetua.
The fourth issue is whether or not the rape victim is also entitled to moral and exemplary damages. We rule that aside from the indemnity of P50,000.00 awarded by the trial court, the victim is also entitled to moral damages, as held in People vs. Prades, even if there was no proof presented during the trial as basis therefor[23] and exemplary damages since the crime was committed with an aggravating circumstance,[24] thus appellant is also liable for P25,000.00 as exemplary damages.[25]
WHEREFORE, the judgment of the trial court convicting appellant DOMINADOR HISTORILLO of qualified rape is MODIFIED in that the appellant is declared guilty of simple rape and is hereby sentenced to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua and to pay Jennifer Historillo the sum of P50,000.00 by way of indemnity, P50,000.00 as moral damages and P25,000.00 as exemplary damages.
SO ORDERED.
Davide, Jr., C.J., Bellosillo, Melo, Puno, Kapunan, Mendoza, Panganiban, Quisumbing, Purisima, Pardo, Gonzaga-Reyes, Ynares-Santiago, and De Leon, Jr., JJ., concur.
Vitug, J., on official business.
[1] Original Records, pp. 15-16.
[2] TSN, June 6, 1997, pp. 3-4.
[3] RTC Decision, Original Records, pp. 50-59.
[4] Appellee's Brief, pp. 5-7; Rollo, pp. 93-95.
[5] U.S. vs. Bibal, 4 Phil. 369.
[6] People vs. Sunpongco, 163 SCRA 222, Remedial Law by Oscar Herrera, Vol. IV, p. 49.
[7] People vs. Penero, 276 SCRA 564.
[8] People vs. Escober, 281 SCRA 498; People vs. Burce, 269 SCRA 293.
[9] People vs. Antipona, 274 SCRA 328.
[10] People vs. Adora, 275 SCRA 441.
[11] People vs. Garcia, 281 SCRA 463.
[12] People vs. Butron, 272 SCRA 352.
[13] People vs. Zaballero, 274 SCRA 627.
[14] TSN, June 6, 1997, pp. 3-4.
[15] Birth Certificate of Jennifer Historillo, Exh. "B", Orig. Records, p. 42.
[16] 281 SCRA 463.
[17] G.R. No. 129439, Sept. 25, 1998; 296 SCRA 559.
[18] G.R. No. 129529, Sept. 29, 1998; 296 SCRA 658.
[19] G.R. No. 126575, Dec. 11, 1998; 300 SCRA 98.
[20] G.R. No. 121212, Jan. 20, 1999; 301 SCRA 192.
[21] People vs. Jovellano, et al., 56 SCRA 156 (1974); People vs. Fuertes, 229 SCRA 289 (1994), cited in People vs. Garcia, 281 SCRA 463.
[22] People vs. Garcia, 281 SCRA 463.
[23] G.R. No. 127569, July 30, 1998, 293 SCRA 411.
[24] People vs. Estares, 282 SCRA 524.
[25] People vs. Calayca, G.R. No. 121212, Jan. 20, 1999; 301 SCRA 192.