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(NAR) VOL. 12 NO. 1 / JANUARY - MARCH 2001
[ BAI ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 41, S. 2000, September 04, 2000 ]
CODE OF PRACTICE AND MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR THE WELFARE OF PIGS
SECTION 1. Basic Policy and Objectives — Welfare considerations are important for the keeping and farming of animals. Standard procedures in animal welfare are not only important legally, but also have direct economic benefits by enhancing productivity.
Good husbandry is essential for good welfare, modern breeding, feeding, housing, and management systems. This will lead to an improvement in the quality of life for the pigs as well as an improvement in the quality of the product. This code is intended to encourage all persons involved in the pig industry to adopt the highest standards of husbandry.
This Code takes into consideration the five basic freedoms of animals which are:
Pigs shall be provided with comfortable and secured accommodations. When pigs are kept outside, they shall have shelter available to protect them from inclement weather and access to shade from direct sunlight. Access to high ground shall be available where there is danger of flooding. Pigs confined in houses shall have sufficient space for each to feed, lie down stretch, and express their normal behavioral patterns. (See Table 2 for the minimum space requirements). Adjustments shall be made when needed.
This Code is based on the knowledge and technology available at the time of publication and may need to be changed and improved in the light of future knowledge. The application of experience and common sense in the husbandry of animals is still important.
Section 2. Definition of Terms
2.1 Ad Libitum refers to feeding without limit
2.2 Animal Transport refers to modes of transport that would bring the animal from the place of origin to the place of destination using land, air or water as a means of transportation.
2.2.1 Land Transport refers to transfer of animals from place of origin to place of destination using land conveyance.
2.2.2 Air Transport refers to transfer of animals from place of origin to place of destination using air conveyance.
2.2.3 Water Transport refers to transfer of animals from place of origin to place of destination using water conveyance.
2.3 Backing Board refers to a board used in herding pigs.
2.4 Backyard Piggery refers to the raising of less than 20 sow. They are usually dependent on commercial feedmills for feeds.
2.5 Boar refers to a male breeding pig which is at least 8 months old.
2.6 Canvass Slapper refers to the equipment used in herding pigs that create slapping sounds.
2.7 Caretaker refers to the person or persons assigned to take care of the pigs.
2.8 Castration refers to the surgical removal of the testicles.
2.9. Chill Factor refers to environmental temperature of 250C or below that is injuriously cold causing piglets to shiver.
2.10 Cold Stress refers to stress/suffering caused by exposure to cold temperatures.
2.11 Colostrum refers to the first milk after farrowing and which is rich in antibodies.
2.12 Commercial Piggery refers to farm raising more than 20 sows.
2.13 Culling refers to separation/segregation of undesirable animals.
2.14 Disinfectant refers to substances used to destroy bacteria or other infective microorganisms.
2.15 Distress refers to the non-specific response of the animal caused by deprivation of food, rough handling, exhaustion due to long transport, mixing of animals reared separately, etc.
2.16 Dry Sow refers to the unproductive sows after weaning.
2.17 Drug refers to all chemical substances except foods that are used to promote or safeguard the health of human and animals.
2.18 Ear Notching refers to the identification of pigs which is done through cutting a portion of their ear.
2.19 Euthanasia refers to the process of humane destruction of animal accomplished by a method that produces rapid unconsciousness and subsequent death without evidence of pain and distress.
2.20 Farrowing refers to the act of giving birth in sows.
2.21 Farrowing Facilities refer to a pen/stall/crate used for the sows during farrowing or giving birth.
2.22 Fostering refers to the adoption of animals during early suckling stage.
2.23 Gilt refers to the unbred female pig at least 8 months old.
2.24 Husbandry refers to the act of taking care of animals.
2.25 Lactation refers to the process of milk secretion.
2.26 Licensed Veterinarian refers to a person who graduated from a veterinary college with the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine and duly registered with the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) and holds a Professional Tax Receipt (PTR), both of which must be current.
2.27 Loading Ramp refers to the walkway from pen to trucks and vice versa.
2.28 Mechanical Probe refers to the equipment used for measuring fat or detecting pregnancy.
2.29 Needle/Milk Teeth refers to the temporary or insidious teeth.
2.30 Non-Resident Veterinarian refers to a licensed veterinarian retained/contracted by the pig farm to check and evaluate the veterinary requirements and animal welfare status of the farm at least once a month.
2.31 Oestrus refers to the period in heat or period of acceptance of the boar by the sow.
2.32 Resident Veterinarian refers to a licensed veterinarian residing in the farm to check and evaluate the veterinary requirements and animal welfare status of the farm.
2.33 Slaughter refers to the killing of food animals in accredited slaughterhouses in relation to meat inspection and animal welfare.
2.34 Serum refers to the liquid portion after blood clotting or portion of whole blood less RBC and WBC.
2.35 Sow refers to the female adult pig that has farrowed.
2.36 Stocking Density refers to the rate or number of animals per given area.
2.37 Stunning refers to the rendering of a state of immediate insensibility delivered to the animal which should persist until the animals are slaughtered and become permanently insensible. Methods employed include percussive, electrical and gas stunning.
2.38 Surgery refers to the procedure performed in the animal with the use of medical instrument involving incision, excision, and/or transection of organs or part of it.
2.39 Tail Docking refers to the cutting of a portion of the tail.
2.40 Tail/Ear Biting refers to the vice of animals consisting of biting the ears/tails of other animals due to mineral deficiency/overcrowding, etc.
2.41 Tethering refers to the confining of animals in certain area by roping.
2.42 Tongue Piercing refers to a prohibited practice of making a hole in the tongue for marks or identification.
2.43 Treatment refers to the management and care of sick animals with existing disorders by administering the proper medicine.
2.44 Tusk refers to the canine teeth of animals.
2.45 Vaccination refers to the act of administering biologicals for the purpose of eliciting immune respond.
2.46 Weaning refers to the separation of the young from the mother.
Section 3. Legal Responsibilities
3.1 General Responsibilities
3.3 Tongue Piercing — No person shall pierce the tongue of a pig or any of its parts.
3.4 Ear Notching —No person shall ear notch piglets that are more than seven days old.
3.5 Tail Docking — Docking as a routine preventive measure may be carried out in piglets during the first three days of life. One third to one half of the tail may be removed by a competent operator. Tail docking of pigs more than 7 days of age shall be undertaken only in an emergency and shall be done by a licensed veterinarian as defined in 2.26.
3.6 Tethering — In backyard farms, tethering may be allowed, provided however, that a minimum of 2.5 meters shall be used for tethering secured overhead. This shall be in the form of a harness with one loop around the neck and the other around the chest behind the elbows. Tethering in the ankle and a ring in the snout are strictly prohibited. In all cases, close tethering shall be prohibited.
3.7 Feed —Feed composition is critical to the welfare of pigs. Advice on suitable feeds and feeding systems for various classes of pigs may be obtained from the Department of Agriculture, through its appropriate agencies, feed mill cooperatives, or other firms.
3.8 Clipping of “Needle” or Milk Teeth — The clipping of “needle” or milk teeth shall be done within 2 days from birth. Provided, however, that no more than one third of the tooth shall be removed. Clean and appropriate equipment shall be used.
Section 4. Indoor Operations (Sections 4-10 shall be mandatory to pig farms with 20-sow level and above).
4.1 Pig Houses
4.6 Lighting — Artificial light shall always be available for use during the night or darkened periods of the day.
4.7 Temperature — Pigs older than 8-10 weeks tolerate a wide range of temperatures, as long as the changes are not abrupt (See Table 4 for a guide to the ranges of temperature that afford satisfactory comfort). Drafts and/or excessive moisture produces the “chill factor”. Sparse hair covering in modern breeds and lack of subcutaneous fat relatively make these animals susceptible to temperature stress. Housed pigs shall be protected from wide to abrupt temperature fluctuations within any 24-hour period.
4.7.1 Newborn Piglets
4.11 Farrowing Sows and Suckling Piglets
4.13 Dry Sows and Gilts
5.1 Feed
5.5 Weaning —Weaning of piglets below 30 days shall take place only when there is a very efficient management system. Piglets weighing less than 6 kg shall not be weaned unless there are exceptional circumstances as certified by the resident veterinarian.
5.6 Orphan Pigs
6.1 General —Many routine procedures involved in handling pigs and carrying out minor surgery cause little distress if conducted efficiently and with minimal restraint. Humane handling of the pigs shall be observed. The use of backing boards is recommended. With minor surgical procedures strict attention needs to be paid to the suitability of the area in which the operation is to be performed. The catching facilities, the type and amount of restraint, the selection and maintenance of instruments, hygiene and the after-care of the animals are necessary to keep stress to a minimum.
Procedures which cause pain or discomfort shall not be carried out by the regular caretaker but this shall be done by a competent person other than the caretaker.
Care shall be taken to avoid unnecessary pain and suffering throughout all management and handling procedures.
Inspections shall be undertaken regularly when pregnant sows are due to farrow and/or kept in close confinement, in very hot weather, during an outbreak of disease, when vices such as tail biting occur, or when groups of pigs have recently been mixed together.
6.2 Castration
6.4 Tusk Trimming
6.6 Backfat Measurement —Use only ultrasonic equipment on the live animal. Mechanical probes are not permitted.
6.7 Restraint — Care must be taken when handling pigs to avoid injuring them. Small pigs may be held by hand, but mature pigs need to be restrained with a noose over the upper jaw or placed in a crate. The use of appropriately designed crates is recommended.
6.8 Moving of Animals — A canvass slapper and backing board are the best devices for moving pigs. Electric prodders, plastic pipes and dogs shall not be used on pigs.
8.1 Normal Behavior —A healthy pig should have a good appetite. It is active, curious and vocal. Caretakers should be familiar with normal pig behavior and the signs which signify good health.
8.2 Signs of Illness
8.4 Prevention and Control of Diseases
9.1 General Principles
Figure 1. The Site for Percussive Stunning of Adult Pigs
9.3 Grower and Adult Pigs —Any pig much larger than a suckling pig shall be stunned in accordance to AO 21, series of 1999, before bleeding by a method that causes gross damage to the brain, particularly the cerebrum (the front portions of the brain) and/or the brain stem. The animal must then be bled immediately by either a deep incision in the neck or stuck between the first two ribs so that the major vessels entering and/or leaving the heart are severed.
SECTION 10. Transport
10.3 Duration of Journey
Section 12. Separability Clause — In case any provision of this Rules and Regulations is declared contrary to law and/or unconstitutional, other provisions which are not affected thereby shall continue to be enforced and in effect.
Section 13. Repealing Clause — All Administrative Orders, Rules and Regulations and other administrative issuance or parts thereof, inconsistent with the provisions of this Regulation are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.
Section 14. Effectivity — This Regulation shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in a newspaper of general circulation.
Adopted: 04 Sept. 2000
(SGD.) EDGARDO J. ANGARA
Secretary
TABLE 1 Guide to slatted floor design in relation to size and type of pig
TABLE 2 Minimum recommended housing and shelter space for housed pig
[See Image of Tables 2 to 8 in (NAR) VOL. 12 NO. 1 / JANUARY - MARCH 2001 pages 52 and 53]
Recommending Approval of the Code of Practice and Minimum Standards for the Welfare of Pigs
Good husbandry is essential for good welfare, modern breeding, feeding, housing, and management systems. This will lead to an improvement in the quality of life for the pigs as well as an improvement in the quality of the product. This code is intended to encourage all persons involved in the pig industry to adopt the highest standards of husbandry.
This Code takes into consideration the five basic freedoms of animals which are:
- freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition;
- freedom from physical discomfort and pain;
- freedom from injury and disease;
- freedom to conform to essential behavior patterns; and
- freedom from fear and distress.
Pigs shall be provided with comfortable and secured accommodations. When pigs are kept outside, they shall have shelter available to protect them from inclement weather and access to shade from direct sunlight. Access to high ground shall be available where there is danger of flooding. Pigs confined in houses shall have sufficient space for each to feed, lie down stretch, and express their normal behavioral patterns. (See Table 2 for the minimum space requirements). Adjustments shall be made when needed.
This Code is based on the knowledge and technology available at the time of publication and may need to be changed and improved in the light of future knowledge. The application of experience and common sense in the husbandry of animals is still important.
Section 2. Definition of Terms
2.1 Ad Libitum refers to feeding without limit
2.2 Animal Transport refers to modes of transport that would bring the animal from the place of origin to the place of destination using land, air or water as a means of transportation.
2.2.1 Land Transport refers to transfer of animals from place of origin to place of destination using land conveyance.
2.2.2 Air Transport refers to transfer of animals from place of origin to place of destination using air conveyance.
2.2.3 Water Transport refers to transfer of animals from place of origin to place of destination using water conveyance.
2.3 Backing Board refers to a board used in herding pigs.
2.4 Backyard Piggery refers to the raising of less than 20 sow. They are usually dependent on commercial feedmills for feeds.
2.5 Boar refers to a male breeding pig which is at least 8 months old.
2.6 Canvass Slapper refers to the equipment used in herding pigs that create slapping sounds.
2.7 Caretaker refers to the person or persons assigned to take care of the pigs.
2.8 Castration refers to the surgical removal of the testicles.
2.9. Chill Factor refers to environmental temperature of 250C or below that is injuriously cold causing piglets to shiver.
2.10 Cold Stress refers to stress/suffering caused by exposure to cold temperatures.
2.11 Colostrum refers to the first milk after farrowing and which is rich in antibodies.
2.12 Commercial Piggery refers to farm raising more than 20 sows.
2.13 Culling refers to separation/segregation of undesirable animals.
2.14 Disinfectant refers to substances used to destroy bacteria or other infective microorganisms.
2.15 Distress refers to the non-specific response of the animal caused by deprivation of food, rough handling, exhaustion due to long transport, mixing of animals reared separately, etc.
2.16 Dry Sow refers to the unproductive sows after weaning.
2.17 Drug refers to all chemical substances except foods that are used to promote or safeguard the health of human and animals.
2.18 Ear Notching refers to the identification of pigs which is done through cutting a portion of their ear.
2.19 Euthanasia refers to the process of humane destruction of animal accomplished by a method that produces rapid unconsciousness and subsequent death without evidence of pain and distress.
2.20 Farrowing refers to the act of giving birth in sows.
2.21 Farrowing Facilities refer to a pen/stall/crate used for the sows during farrowing or giving birth.
2.22 Fostering refers to the adoption of animals during early suckling stage.
2.23 Gilt refers to the unbred female pig at least 8 months old.
2.24 Husbandry refers to the act of taking care of animals.
2.25 Lactation refers to the process of milk secretion.
2.26 Licensed Veterinarian refers to a person who graduated from a veterinary college with the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine and duly registered with the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) and holds a Professional Tax Receipt (PTR), both of which must be current.
2.27 Loading Ramp refers to the walkway from pen to trucks and vice versa.
2.28 Mechanical Probe refers to the equipment used for measuring fat or detecting pregnancy.
2.29 Needle/Milk Teeth refers to the temporary or insidious teeth.
2.30 Non-Resident Veterinarian refers to a licensed veterinarian retained/contracted by the pig farm to check and evaluate the veterinary requirements and animal welfare status of the farm at least once a month.
2.31 Oestrus refers to the period in heat or period of acceptance of the boar by the sow.
2.32 Resident Veterinarian refers to a licensed veterinarian residing in the farm to check and evaluate the veterinary requirements and animal welfare status of the farm.
2.33 Slaughter refers to the killing of food animals in accredited slaughterhouses in relation to meat inspection and animal welfare.
2.34 Serum refers to the liquid portion after blood clotting or portion of whole blood less RBC and WBC.
2.35 Sow refers to the female adult pig that has farrowed.
2.36 Stocking Density refers to the rate or number of animals per given area.
2.37 Stunning refers to the rendering of a state of immediate insensibility delivered to the animal which should persist until the animals are slaughtered and become permanently insensible. Methods employed include percussive, electrical and gas stunning.
2.38 Surgery refers to the procedure performed in the animal with the use of medical instrument involving incision, excision, and/or transection of organs or part of it.
2.39 Tail Docking refers to the cutting of a portion of the tail.
2.40 Tail/Ear Biting refers to the vice of animals consisting of biting the ears/tails of other animals due to mineral deficiency/overcrowding, etc.
2.41 Tethering refers to the confining of animals in certain area by roping.
2.42 Tongue Piercing refers to a prohibited practice of making a hole in the tongue for marks or identification.
2.43 Treatment refers to the management and care of sick animals with existing disorders by administering the proper medicine.
2.44 Tusk refers to the canine teeth of animals.
2.45 Vaccination refers to the act of administering biologicals for the purpose of eliciting immune respond.
2.46 Weaning refers to the separation of the young from the mother.
Section 3. Legal Responsibilities
3.1 General Responsibilities
3.1.1 The Animal Welfare Act of 1998 (Republic Act No. 8485) aims to protect and promote the welfare of all animals in the Philippines.3.2 Castration — No person shall castrate any pig over 14 days old, unless the castration is performed by a veterinarian, who must use local or general anaesthesia. This procedure can be done as early as 1 day old and an average age of 3 days.
3.1.2 All pig farms with stocking level of 300 sows and above must have a Resident Veterinarian and those below must have a Consulting Veterinarian. In both cases, the veterinarians must be registered with the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) with current Professional Tax Receipt (PTR).
3.1.3 No person shall commit any of the following acts which shall be deemed violation of this Code.3.1.3.1 cruelly treating any pig;3.1.4. Farms with 20-sow level and above shall be registered with the Bureau of Animal Industry.
3.1.3.2 omitting to supply the pig with proper and sufficient food, water and shelter;
3.1.3.3 willfully or wantonly neglecting the pig resulting in unreasonable or unnecessary pain, suffering, or distress to the animal;
3.1.3.4 slaughtering, branding, mutilating, confining, or carrying any animal in such a manner or position as to cause the pig unnecessary pain or suffering;
3.1.3.5 keeping alive any pig which is in such a condition that is cruel to keep it alive.
3.1.5 When pigs are used in feeding trials or scientific purposes, said feeding trials or procedures shall conform with DA AO 40, series of 1999.
3.3 Tongue Piercing — No person shall pierce the tongue of a pig or any of its parts.
3.4 Ear Notching —No person shall ear notch piglets that are more than seven days old.
3.5 Tail Docking — Docking as a routine preventive measure may be carried out in piglets during the first three days of life. One third to one half of the tail may be removed by a competent operator. Tail docking of pigs more than 7 days of age shall be undertaken only in an emergency and shall be done by a licensed veterinarian as defined in 2.26.
3.6 Tethering — In backyard farms, tethering may be allowed, provided however, that a minimum of 2.5 meters shall be used for tethering secured overhead. This shall be in the form of a harness with one loop around the neck and the other around the chest behind the elbows. Tethering in the ankle and a ring in the snout are strictly prohibited. In all cases, close tethering shall be prohibited.
3.7 Feed —Feed composition is critical to the welfare of pigs. Advice on suitable feeds and feeding systems for various classes of pigs may be obtained from the Department of Agriculture, through its appropriate agencies, feed mill cooperatives, or other firms.
3.8 Clipping of “Needle” or Milk Teeth — The clipping of “needle” or milk teeth shall be done within 2 days from birth. Provided, however, that no more than one third of the tooth shall be removed. Clean and appropriate equipment shall be used.
Section 4. Indoor Operations (Sections 4-10 shall be mandatory to pig farms with 20-sow level and above).
4.1 Pig Houses
4.1.1 Construction of pig houses/shelters shall be in accordance with the building recommendations of the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) or International Training Center on Pig Husbandry (ITCPH) or Philippine College of Swine Practitioners (PCSP) or pig experts in the government or private sector.4.2 Hygiene
4.1.2 Farm managers and caretakers shall possess adequate technical/practical knowledge and experience in the maintenance of the facilities. This is important where special buildings and complex mechanical and electrical equipment are involved.
4.1.3 Houses for pig shall be built on sites safe from flooding or landslides.
4.1.4 Precautions against fire shall be undertaken by providing sufficient fire exits to allow evacuation in case of emergencies.
4.1.5 Electrical installations shall be periodically checked, preferably monthly.
4.1.6 Firefighting equipment shall be installed.
4.2.1 Walls, ceilings, fittings and floors of the building shall be made of materials that are easily cleaned and disinfected.4.3 Floors
4.2.2 Drains shall be kept clear. The pen shall be cleaned of any spoiled feed or dung and disinfected before being restocked.
4.3.1 Floors shall be made of a non-slip materials which is easily cleaned, and there shall be a clean dry area of sufficient size to allow all pigs to sleep comfortably at the same time.4.4. Safety
4.3.2 Space shall be sufficient to allow for a separate dunging area where floors are not slatted.
4.3.3 Slatted floor design shall consider its use for piglets, fatteners and breeders. Width of the solid area and the width of the gap in relation to the size and type of the pigs is shown in Annex 1.
4.4.1 All sharp projections and edges likely to cause injury to the pigs shall be removed or covered.4.5 Space — The class, body weight and size of the pigs influence the stocking density. For this purpose, the attached Annexes 2 and 3 shall be recommended.
4.4.2 Pen fittings shall be inspected regularly and kept in good working order.
4.4.3 Paint and timber preservatives toxic to pigs shall not be used on surfaces accessible to the pigs.
4.4.4 Any electrical fitting and attachment shall be out of the reach of pigs.
4.4.5 Proper division shall be made for the storage of drugs and dangerous chemicals used in and around the piggery.
4.6 Lighting — Artificial light shall always be available for use during the night or darkened periods of the day.
4.7 Temperature — Pigs older than 8-10 weeks tolerate a wide range of temperatures, as long as the changes are not abrupt (See Table 4 for a guide to the ranges of temperature that afford satisfactory comfort). Drafts and/or excessive moisture produces the “chill factor”. Sparse hair covering in modern breeds and lack of subcutaneous fat relatively make these animals susceptible to temperature stress. Housed pigs shall be protected from wide to abrupt temperature fluctuations within any 24-hour period.
4.7.1 Newborn Piglets
4.7.1.1 Newborn piglets are prone to cold stress (hypothermia) because they are unable to maintain their body temperature independent of their surroundings. This can lead to death. The distance in which pigs lie apart is an excellent guide to their comfort. Hunched backs, sluggish movement, shivering and huddling of the piglets are indications that they are feeling cold. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar level) can be considered.4.7.2 Growing Pigs and Adults
4.7.1.2 The nest or creep area shall have a temperature of 320C up to three weeks of age. The provision of bedding, insulation and artificial heat/light in the nest may be necessary. Attraction of piglets to the heat/light source also helps reduce piglets mortality from crushing at farrowing.
4.7.1.3 Suspended heating devices shall be kept out of the reach of pigs or protected from piglets coming into contact with them.
4.7.2.1 Excessive heat loss from the building can be prevented by adequate structural insulation and by automated control of the ventilation system. The objective is to find the correct balance between adequate airflow and temperature control.4.8 Air Quality
4.7.2.2 Pigs shall be relieved in times of heat stress using appropriate cooling devices when internal house temperature and humidity are high. The installation and use of automated water sprinklers shall be considered where such problems are likely to occur regularly.
4.8.1 Good quality air in enclosed houses is necessary to provide fresh air; remove excess heat and moisture; minimize the transmission of air-borne infectious agents; remove waste gases; and minimize dust particles in the atmosphere.4.9. Mechanical Equipment
4.8.2 There must be a balance between the need to provide fresh air and the need to protect pigs from drafts.
4.8.3 When pigs are kept over static effluent storage systems, efficient ventilation is particularly important, as dangerous fumes may result from the effluent.
4.8.4 The caretaker shall regularly check for the presence of noxious gases at pig level as, at normal human standing height, levels uncomfortable to the pig may not be recognized.
4.8.5 The presence of ammonia is usually a reliable indicator to the build-up of noxious gases; it shall not be allowed to exceed 20 parts per million (ppm) of air in an enclosed pig house without immediate corrective action being taken. A level of 10-15 ppm of ammonia in the air can be detected by smell and an ammonia level of from 25 to 35 ppm will cause eye and nasal irritation in people. Levels as low as 11 ppm may impair pig performance and productivity.
4.8.6 It is important to maintain an adequate airflow during hot weather to ensure housed pigs do not become overheated.
4.8.7 Air quality must be sufficient to prevent the health of the pigs from being adversely affected.
4.8.8 Pigs must be protected from temperature extremes.
4.8.9 There must be sufficient light available to enable satisfactory inspection of all pigs.
4.9.1 All mechanical equipment used in pig production shall be regularly inspected at least once a month and kept in good working condition. This includes feeding and effluent removal equipment, drinkers, ventilation systems, lighting units, heaters, water pumps and hoses, fire extinguishers, and emergency power generators.4.10 Waste Control —The pigs’ house shall be regularly cleaned and contaminated bedding, feces and urine shall not be permitted to accumulate to a stage where they pose a threat to the health and well-being of pigs or disrupt the normal instinct of pigs to have separate dunging and sleeping areas.
4.9.2 In case of power failure or mechanical breakdown, provision shall be made for other means of heating, lighting and ventilation, and the feeding and watering of stock.
4.9.3 An alarm system with a back-up battery system is desirable to warn of any equipment breakdown.
4.11 Farrowing Sows and Suckling Piglets
4.11.1 Farrowing quarters shall have some means to protecting piglets from overlaying by the sow.4.12 Growing Pigs —the total floor space shall be adequate for sleeping, feeding and exercising. Minimum sleeping areas, excluding exercise and dunging areas, shall be of sufficient size to accommodate all the pigs lying on their sides. (For minimum recommended space allowances for housed pigs, refer to Table 2).
4.11.2 Sows shall be introduced to clean farrowing quarters at least 3-5 days before the piglets are due to be born. The farrowing crates must be of suitable design and adequate size to allow the sow to lie down at full length and without leg restriction. She must also be able to rise to a standing position on one movement and be able to stand comfortably.
4.11.3 The bottom rails or “prongs” shall be positioned to allow adequate access for all the piglets to suckle freely at one time. Adequate railing shall be provided across the top of the crate to prevent the sow from attempting to climb out of the crate, but at the same time shall allow free access to carry out normal management procedures.
4.11.4 The farrowing crates shall consider the weight and allowance for the size of the sows. The dimensions listed in Annex 5 are provided as a guide only. The caretaker is responsible for the welfare of sows in farrowing crates and must ensure that the crate is appropriate to the sow it confines.
4.11.5 It is strongly recommended that sows shall not be confined in farrowing crates for more than 1 month at any one time.
4.11.6 A temperature suitable for piglets shall be maintained and provision of artificial heating for at least the first 7-14 days of life. Care shall be taken to ensure the sow is not distressed and her environment shall be significantly cooler than that provided for the piglets. Heating devices shall be securely fixed and protected from interference by the sow or piglets.
4.11.7 Weaning pigs are done at 30 days old. If weaned earlier, special provisions such as nutrition, equipment shall be maintained. Problems associated with weaning are generally related to the size and physiological maturity at weaning. Weaning pigs which are less than 3 weeks old exposes them to significant welfare problems.
4.11.8 Early access of the piglets to meal (within 1 week of birth) reduces diarrhea that occurs at weaning. It is desirable that creep feeding shall begin by the end of the second week of life provided the creep feed is highly digestible. From the point on even high lactating sows are generally unable to provide sufficient milk to meet the growth potential of the modern piglet.
4.11.9 Clean source of water shall be available from birth. The water delivery system shall be at a suitable height for the piglets. It shall be of the same type as that used in the area for weaners, so that when weaning takes place the risk of dehydration will be minimized.
4.11.10. Attention to floor gap dimensions is necessary for piglets kept in pens with perforated or slatted floors to avoid injury to legs and feet.
4.13 Dry Sows and Gilts
4.13.1 The term dry sow is defined in 2.16.4.14 Stalls
4.13.2 Aggressiveness can present a severe problem in sows and gilts kept in groups. Group size, feeding method, condition and husbandry are important in the management of such problems. The caretaker shall ensure that persistent bullying leading to severe injury or deprivation of food does not take place. Separate penning may be required when persistent bullying takes place.
4.13.3 Facilities in which dry sows or gilts are group housed but are individually fed, i.e. either individual stalls or via a computerized feeding system, are recommended.
4.13.4 Good floor design is important. The lying area shall always be kept dry. Pen floors, particularly the dunging area, shall be drained effectively. The use of bare concrete, slated or perforated floors, particularly when badly maintained, can cause severe problems such as lameness or damage to the feet.
4.13.5 Bedding contributes towards the needs of the pig for thermal and physical comfort. Systems in which straw or similar material is provided in the lying area are strongly recommended.
4.13.6 Dry sows in groups shall be kept in pens of adequate size (see Table 2).
4.14.1 Keeping sows, boars, or gilts in individual stalls places severe restrictions on their movement and may result in abnormal behavior patterns, leg weaknesses and injury. Provision must be made for alternative accommodation for pigs that show severe lameness or behavioral problems.4.15 Boars
4.14.2 Breeding boars, sows and gilts shall not be confined in individual stalls and/or farrowing crates for more than 6 weeks at any one time and that, in any reproductive cycle, such confinement shall not exceed 60% of the period. (A reproductive cycle for this purpose is defined as 150 days). When released from the stall and/or farrowing crate the animal shall be moved to accommodation for a reasonable period of time (several weeks). This accommodation should allow the pig to perform its natural body functions in a manner which is relatively unrestricted and which will not permit opportunities for excessive aggression from other animals in that area.
4.15.1 Boars may be kept on their own or in small groups. When they are kept in groups, they shall be selected for compatibility. A boar may be kept with a group of breeding gilts or dry sows, provided bullying does not occur. A succeeding AO will address this problem.SECTION 5. Feeding
4.15.2 As a guide, individual accommodation for an adult boar shall have a floor area of not less than 7.5 m2, with the shortest side not less than 2.5 m. In either case, the pen divisions shall not be less than 1.5 m. high. Boar pens shall not be sited or constructed in such a way as to isolate the boar from the sight or sound of sows during the period up to successful mating. It is preferable, in view of the influence that the boar has on the onset of oestrus during the period after weaning, that he be housed adjacent to them.
4.15.3 The floors of the pen shall have adequate slope for drainage and have a non-slip surface.
4.15.4 The tusks of boars may be trimmed.
5.1 Feed
5.1.1 Feeds and the amount of feed shall be based on the stages of growth and production of the pigs (see Table 6 for guidance on feed requirements).5.2 Electronically or Mechanically Controlled Feeding Stations
5.1.2 Adequate inventory of feeds shall be insured. Sudden changes in the composition of the diet shall be avoided as they can cause digestive upsets.
5.1.3 Digest shall be adequately formulated to meet the animals’ requirements for protein, fat, fiber, energy, minerals, vitamins and amino acids.
5.1.4 Only drugs and their proper usage as approved by the Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Animal Industry (DA-BAI) and Department of Health-Bureau of Food and Drugs (DOH-BFAD) shall be used.
5.1.5 If pigs are not fed on an ad libitum basis, the trough space or floor area must be large enough to allow all of them to feed at the same time unless the operation involves a computer-controlled feeding system.
5.1.6 Pigs must be supplied with and have access to proper and sufficient feed and water to maintain health, at least once a day.
5.1.7 Young recently weaned pigs should be fed ad libitum or must be fed at least twice daily with sufficient quantities; the quality of feed to conform with the NCRP nutrient standard to maintain steady body growth.
5.1.8 Sloughs and swills shall not be fed to pigs in commercial operations.
5.2.1 The building layout and location of the station within the building shall be carefully planned to ensure it functions effectively.5.3 Drinking Water
5.2.2 A water supply shall be provided independent of and outside the feeding point.
5.2.3 Adequate safeguards shall be observed to prevent animals from being trapped in the feeder or from failing to obtain feeds.
5.2.4 The flow of animals into and out of the feeder shall be controlled to avoid bullying and aggression.
5.2.5 The caretaker shall regularly monitor the health and condition of all animals and ensure that animals have received their daily ration.
5.2.6 Proper procedure in introducing new animals into the group shall be observed to minimize aggression.
5.3.1 Water shall be of quality suitable for pigs and shall be tested for salt and mineral content and microbiological contamination.5.4 Newborn Piglets — All piglets born and raised indoors require an iron supplement within 3 days of birth. It is important to make sure the sow accepts such foster piglets. Alternatively they can be hand-reared using a milk substitute or humanely disposed of in accordance with DA Administrative Order No. 21, series of 1999. It is essential that all piglets have received adequate colostrum from the sow, or an appropriate colostral substitute before their transfer or hand rearing. Fostering, wherever possible, is an important aid to the welfare of unweaned pigs.
5.3.2 Fresh water shall be available and accessible at all times. Flow rate per minute and number of pigs per drinker are key points to be considered.
5.3.3 Automatic watering systems shall be checked regularly to ensure that they are in working order.
5.3.4 The water supply for a piggery shall be sufficient and the reserves adequate to cope with the 24-hour demand.
5.3.5 The daily consumption of water by a pig can vary according to environmental temperature and liveweight. Table 7 shows the range of daily water consumption by various classes of pig.
5.3.6 Medication in water shall be used based on competent veterinary advice and veterinary prescription when necessary.
5.5 Weaning —Weaning of piglets below 30 days shall take place only when there is a very efficient management system. Piglets weighing less than 6 kg shall not be weaned unless there are exceptional circumstances as certified by the resident veterinarian.
5.6 Orphan Pigs
5.6.1 If the lactating sow dies or her milk supply fails, the pigs must be fostered, hand-reared or humanely disposed of in accordance with AO 21, series of 1999.SECTION 6. Routine Procedures
5.6.2 Hand-reared piglets shall initially receive colostrum or an appropriate colostral substitute and then be fed on fortified cows’ milk or a proprietary liquid supplement, with the introduction of a starter meal 3 days later. After a week, the diet can comprise prestarter meal with no less than 22% CP content fed ad libitum with fresh water provided separately. Orphaned piglets must be housed in a dry, warm (not lower than 27oC), draft-free, clean area and the mixing and feeding equipment kept thoroughly clean.
6.1 General —Many routine procedures involved in handling pigs and carrying out minor surgery cause little distress if conducted efficiently and with minimal restraint. Humane handling of the pigs shall be observed. The use of backing boards is recommended. With minor surgical procedures strict attention needs to be paid to the suitability of the area in which the operation is to be performed. The catching facilities, the type and amount of restraint, the selection and maintenance of instruments, hygiene and the after-care of the animals are necessary to keep stress to a minimum.
Procedures which cause pain or discomfort shall not be carried out by the regular caretaker but this shall be done by a competent person other than the caretaker.
Care shall be taken to avoid unnecessary pain and suffering throughout all management and handling procedures.
Inspections shall be undertaken regularly when pregnant sows are due to farrow and/or kept in close confinement, in very hot weather, during an outbreak of disease, when vices such as tail biting occur, or when groups of pigs have recently been mixed together.
6.2 Castration
6.2.1 Castration is normally unnecessary in modern pig production systems. However, if castration is carried out, it shall be done as early as the management practice will allow (usually at 3-5 days) but not later than 14 days. It shall be performed using clean sharp instruments, with strict attention to hygiene.6.3 Identification — For permanent identification, pigs’ ears may be notched, tagged, punched, tattooed or an electronic identification system used. Particular care must be taken when tattooing to avoid pain and discomfort. Piglets shall be ear-notched before reaching 7 days of age.
6.2.2 Should castration be necessary for piglets with scrotal hernia and those that are above 14 days, this shall be done under anaesthesia by a veterinarian.
6.4 Tusk Trimming
6.4.1 Tusks may be trimmed as a precaution in aggressive boars. The exposed tusk has no nerves, so no anaesthetic is needed. Appropriate methods of restraint must be used. Expert advice from a veterinarian or other persons skilled in the procedure shall be obtained.6.5 Mixing of Pigs —Where unfamiliar pigs must be mixed this shall be done in a manner which minimizes aggression, such as using a new pen, providing feed on the floor, or using a pen with room for escape.
6.4.2 Tusks shall be severed skillfully above the level of the gums without causing damage to other tissues.
6.6 Backfat Measurement —Use only ultrasonic equipment on the live animal. Mechanical probes are not permitted.
6.7 Restraint — Care must be taken when handling pigs to avoid injuring them. Small pigs may be held by hand, but mature pigs need to be restrained with a noose over the upper jaw or placed in a crate. The use of appropriately designed crates is recommended.
6.8 Moving of Animals — A canvass slapper and backing board are the best devices for moving pigs. Electric prodders, plastic pipes and dogs shall not be used on pigs.
SECTION 7. Control of Vices — Pigs may develop vices such as tail and ear biting. Pigs with ear or tail bites shall be immediately separated from pen mates. Nutritional requirements, too much light, overcrowding, inadequate ventilation, competition at the feeding or watering place can contribute to the problem.SECTION 8. Health
8.1 Normal Behavior —A healthy pig should have a good appetite. It is active, curious and vocal. Caretakers should be familiar with normal pig behavior and the signs which signify good health.
8.2 Signs of Illness
8.2.1 Signs of illness may include separation from the group, loss of appetite, fever, vomiting, changes in the appearance and consistency of urine or feces, discoloration of the skin, shivering, sneezing, rapid or irregular breathing, persistent coughing or panting, rapid weight loss, abdominal distension, lack of coordination, rough hair coat, abnormal behavior, swollen navels, udders or joints and abnormal discharges from normal openings.8.3 Inspection —The frequency and level of inspection shall be related to the likelihood of risk to the welfare of pigs, but shall be at least once each day. In a practical sense, it requires a higher level of husbandry to ensure the welfare of pigs in larger groups or under outdoor conditions. Individual feeding in stalls allows the caretaker to ensure visually that all pigs are up, eating and not lame or affected by other problems. Group housing systems require a greater degree of skill because pigs may have to be observed individually. Automated feeding systems often require the caretaker to look at pigs lying down 95% of the time, which makes it much harder to assess their health and welfare. Inspections are best made at feeding times. More frequent inspections may be required, such as during hot weather, during outbreaks of disease or vice, when farrowing is expected, or when group of pigs have been mixed. Regular checks shall also be made on the effectiveness of any automated feeding or watering systems where these have been installed at least 4-5 times a day or as often as the need arises.
8.2.2 A licensed veterinarian shall be consulted immediately when pigs show signs of illness.
8.2.3 Pigs with either incurable sickness or painful deformities should be humanely disposed of in accordance with DA AO 21, series of 1999.
8.4 Prevention and Control of Diseases
8.4.1 Those responsible for the care of the pigs must be aware of the signs of ill-health. They shall also maintain a high standard of personal hygiene as part of any programme to prevent disease in pigs. A health programme must include vaccination, culling, disposal of dead pigs, post-mortem and medication.Section 9. Emergency Human Slaughter
8.4.2 All procedures must be carried out with skill and concern for the pig’s welfare.
8.4.3 Records detailing deaths, sick animals, treatments given and responses to treatment shall be kept to assist disease investigations.
8.4.4 When clinical signs of ill-health, high mortality, and ill-thrift persist despite attempted remedial action, veterinary advice must be sought.
8.4.5 Sick and injured animals must be treated as soon as possible. If necessary, they shall be isolated.
8.4.6 Pigs with incurable disease or painful deformity must be humanely disposed of.
8.4.7 Dead pigs must be promptly removed from other pigs and, if not required for post-mortem examination, disposed of by burning or burying.
8.4.8 Pigs must be regularly inspected for signs of disease, including internal and external parasites, and treatment instituted where abnormalities or infestations are detected.
8.4.9 A licensed veterinarian shall be consulted in establishing a parasite control programme.
8.4.10 A vaccination program against hog cholera and Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) shall be observed in accordance with existing BAI regulations and program.
8.4.11 Serum samples shall be made available to the Bureau of Animal Industry veterinary officers for serological tests when so required.
8.4.12 If there is a notifiable disease outbreak in epidemic proportion, the BAI-Animal Health Division must always be notified. The BAI personnel shall be allowed to enter, inspect and investigate the farm premises. They shall observe biosecurity measures being implemented by the farm.
9.1 General Principles
9.1.1 There are circumstances, e.g. injury or disease when, for human reasons, pigs may need to be slaughtered.9.2 Very Young Pigs —Very young pigs can be rendered unconscious by a blow to the head with a heavy metal object. The blow must be delivered to the frontal region of the head at the same site used for shooting with a rifle (see figure 1). It is imperative that the head is not moving at the time the blow is delivered. The skull must be fractured by the blow and the animal’s throat cut immediately to ensure that consciousness is not regained before it has bled to death.
9.1.2 The method of slaughter shall be effective and cause immediate unconsciousness which persists until the animal is dead. It is also important that the animal be handled quietly beforehand to ensure it is not unnecessarily distressed or alarmed. The methods described below are those considered most suitable in the case of an emergency.
9.1.3 DA AO No. 21, series of 1999 shall be adopted for killing animals.
Figure 1. The Site for Percussive Stunning of Adult Pigs
[See Image of Figure 1 in (NAR) VOL. 12 NO. 1 / JANUARY - MARCH 2001 page 49]
9.3 Grower and Adult Pigs —Any pig much larger than a suckling pig shall be stunned in accordance to AO 21, series of 1999, before bleeding by a method that causes gross damage to the brain, particularly the cerebrum (the front portions of the brain) and/or the brain stem. The animal must then be bled immediately by either a deep incision in the neck or stuck between the first two ribs so that the major vessels entering and/or leaving the heart are severed.
SECTION 10. Transport
10.1 General Guidelines10.2 Loading Densities — Table 4 shall be used as a guide when the temperature is below 25oC. Pigs need about 20% more floor area when the temperature is higher than 25oC. The movement of pigs from region to region shall secure a permit from BAI.
10.1.1 Transporting pigs presents special problems, particularly if they are not accustomed to being herded. Patience is essential, and the proper design of yards, loading ramps and other associated services will facilitate loading or unloading, with minimum distress and bruising.
10.1.2 Pre-travel rest is not appropriate for pigs. Pigs shall be moved from their housing and loaded into the transport vehicle in one operation.
10.1.3 It is recommended that young piglets, sows with piglets, adult boars, unfamiliar group of pigs and sows in advanced pregnancy be transported or penned separately;
10.1.4 Pigs are susceptible to extremes of heat and cold. They must be protected from direct sunlight. In very hot, humid weather (an ambient temperature of 280C or hotter), pigs shall not be transported.
10.1.5 In cold weather, clean straw or other dry bedding is desirable. Pigs shall be protected from wind and rain.
10.1.6 Boars with protruding tusks shall be transported in individual pens.
10.1.7 Marking the skin with knives or any sharp objects for the purpose of identification is a cruel act. Marking pens shall be used. A grace period of 6 months from the approval of this AO shall be maintained.
10.1.8 Breeders are usually transported early in the morning.
10.1.9 Only fit and healthy pigs shall be transported.
10.1.10 Electric prodders, plastic piles and dogs shall not be used in pigs.
10.1.11 Pigs shall be protected from direct sunlight, high humidity, obnoxious gases, direct rain, etc.
10.3 Duration of Journey
10.3.1 Water and feed should be provided for pigs on a daily basis. This needs to be taken into account when planning the movement of pigs.Section 11. Penal Provisions — Violation of any of the provisions of this Rules and Regulations shall be penalized in accordance with the law.
10.3.2 It is recommended that the transport time plus lairage shall not be more than 14 hours in land transport.
10.3.3 Pigs shall not be transported from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. in cities and highly urbanized municipalities.
10.3.4 Under normal conditions, adult pigs shall not be transported for more than 8 hours without water and 12 hours without feed during daytime. The actual frequency between providing feed and water will be determined by the age and class of the animals and the environmental temperature. The following may require the intervals between providing feed and water to be reduced:
• weather (temperature), • age (young stock), • lactation. • stages of growth, • pregnancy,
Section 12. Separability Clause — In case any provision of this Rules and Regulations is declared contrary to law and/or unconstitutional, other provisions which are not affected thereby shall continue to be enforced and in effect.
Section 13. Repealing Clause — All Administrative Orders, Rules and Regulations and other administrative issuance or parts thereof, inconsistent with the provisions of this Regulation are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.
Section 14. Effectivity — This Regulation shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in a newspaper of general circulation.
Adopted: 04 Sept. 2000
(SGD.) EDGARDO J. ANGARA
Secretary
TABLE 1 Guide to slatted floor design in relation to size and type of pig
Note: If wire mesh is used for flooring, the preferred wire gauge is 6.4 mm.
Sows, finishers and boars (over 100 kg)
TABLE 2 Minimum recommended housing and shelter space for housed pig
[See Image of Tables 2 to 8 in (NAR) VOL. 12 NO. 1 / JANUARY - MARCH 2001 pages 52 and 53]
Recommending Approval of the Code of Practice and Minimum Standards for the Welfare of Pigs
(SGD.) ENRIQUE T. CARLOS (PVMA) Chair | |
| (SGD.) NITA HONTIVEROS-LICHAUCO (PAWS) Vice-Chair | (SGD.) TEODORO A. ABILAY (BAI) Vice-Chair |
Members: | |
(SGD) EFREN C. NUESTRO (by Cesar S. Soller) National Meat Inspection Commission | (SGD.) ADOLFO R. ACORDA Philippine College of Swine Practitioners |
(SGD.) RUTH M. SONACO Agricultural Training Institute | (SGD.) ABELARDO B. AGULTO Philippine College of Canine Practitioners |
(SGD.) CONRADO A. FRANCISCO Phil. Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | (SGD.) MENANDRO C. VALERIO Philippine Animal Hospital Association |
(SGD.) EULOGIO MAGSAYSAY (by Rudy C. dela Cruz) Department of Interior & Local Government | (SGD.) REYNALDO C. BAYABOS (by Mundita S. Lim) Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau |
(SGD.) DONA U. TANLIMCO Veterinary Practitioners Association of the Philippines | |