796 Phil. 96
LEONEN, J.:
WHEREFORE, this Office rules that Unocal and Chevron merged into one corporate entity and the employees were impliedly terminated from employment. Accordingly, they are entitled to the separation benefits provided under ARTICLE XII, SECTION 2 and ANNEX "B" of the collective bargaining [agreement] between UNOCAL PHILIPPINES, INC. and the PHILIPPINE GEOTHERMAL, INC. EMPLOYEES UNION.Unocal Philippines filed before the Court of Appeals a Petition for Review[27] questioning the Secretary of Labor's Decision. Unocal Philippines claimed that the Union was not entitled to separation benefits given that Unocal Philippines was not a party to the merger,[28] that it never closed nor ceased its business, and that it did not terminate its employees after the merger.[29] It asserted that its operations continued in the same manner, and with the same manpower complement.[30] Likewise, the employees kept their tenure intact and experienced no changes in their salaries and benefits.[31]
Pursuant to Section 7, Rule XIX of Department Order No. 40-03, series of 2003, this Decision shall be final and executory after ten (10) calendar days from receipt hereof and it shall not be subject of a motion for reconsideration.
SO ORDERED.[26] (Emphasis in the original)
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Decision dated 15 January 2008, of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) in OS-VA-2007-04 is hereby REVERSED and SET ASIDE.On November 9, 2009, the Court of Appeals denied the Union's Motion for Reconsideration.[41]
SO ORDERED.[40] (Emphasis in the original)
3. . . . Following the merger, Blue Merger Sub Inc. which as above stated is a wholly owned subsidiary of Chevron Corporation changed its name to Unocal Corporation retaining Unocal Philippines, Inc. as its Philippine Branch to continue to operate the aforenamed geothermal plants as, in fact[.][61] (Emphasis supplied)Respondent alleges that it is a branch of Unocal Coiporation. Claiming that it is a branch is inconsistent with its allegation (on appeal) that it is a subsidiary of another corporation. A branch and a subsidiary differ in its corporate existence: a branch is not a legally independent unit, while a subsidiary has a separate and distinct personality from its parent corporation.
The Court begins by examining the manner by which a foreign corporation can establish its presence in the Philippines. It may choose to incorporate its own subsidiary as a domestic corporation, in which case such subsidiary would have its own separate and independent legal personality to conduct business in the country. In the alternative, it may create a branch in the Philippines, which would not be a legally independent unit, and simply obtain a license to do business in the Philippines.[63] (Emphasis supplied, citations omitted)Respondent likewise made the following assertions in its Position Paper in the proceedings before the Secretary of Labor:
Based on the facts of this case, the Honorable Secretary of Labor would certainly appreciate that the business transaction entered into by respondent employer was in law and in fact, a merger. Hence, there is no basis to the union's claim.These statements reveal that not only did respondent fail to assert that it was not a party to the Merger Agreement, but it also referred to itself as the party who entered into the transaction and became the surviving corporation in the merger. Thus, the claim that respondent is not a party to the merger is a new allegation raised for the first time on appeal before the Court of Appeals.
. . . .
. . . In the present case, it is clear that the surviving corporation, i.e. Unocal Philippines Inc. has continued the business and operations of the absorbed corporation in an unchanged manner, and using the same employees with their tenure intact and under the same terms and conditions of employment.[64] (Emphasis supplied)
The aforementioned issue is now raised only for the first time on appeal before this Court. Settled is the rule that issues not raised in the proceedings below (COMELEC en banc) cannot be raised for the first time on appeal. Fairness and due process dictate that evidence and issues not presented below cannot be taken up for the first time on appeal.Respondent did state that Unocal Corporation was the party to the Merger Agreement with Blue Merger and Chevron. Nonetheless, it did not use this allegation to argue that it had a separate and distinct personality from Unocal Corporation and is, thus, not a party to the Merger Agreement. Respondent only raised this argument in its appeal before the Court of Appeals.
Thus, in Matugas v. Commission on Elections, we reiterated this rule, saying:The rule in appellate procedure is that a factual question may not be raised for the first time on appeal, and documents forming no part of the proofs before the appellate court will not be considered in disposing of the issues of" an action. This is true whether the decision elevated for review originated from a regular court or an administrative agency or quasi-judicial body, and whether it was rendered in a civil case, a special proceeding, or a criminal case. Piecemeal presentation of evidence is simply not in accord with orderly justice.
Moreover, in Vda. De Gualberto v. Go, we also held:In Labor Congress of the Philippines v. NLRC, we have made it clear that "to allow fresh issues on appeal is violative of the rudiments of fair play, justice and due process." Likewise, in Orosa v. Court of Appeals, the Court disallowed it because "it would be offensive to the basic rule of fair play, justice and due process if it considered [the] issue[s] raised for the first time on appeal." We cannot take an opposite stance in the present case.[66] (Citations omitted)
In the interest of justice and within the sound discretion of the appellate court, a party may change his legal theory on appeal, only when the factual bases thereof would not require presentation of any further evidence by the adverse party in order to enable it to properly meet the issue raised in the new theory.[68]However, this paragraph states that it is the adverse party that should no longer be required to present additional evidence to contest the new claim, and not the party presenting the new theory on appeal. Thus, it does not matter that respondent no longer presented additional evidence to support its new claim. The petitioner, as the adverse party, should not have to present further evidence on the matter before the new issue may be considered. However, the issue of whether respondent is a party to the Merger Agreement may be proven otherwise by petitioner, through the presentation of evidence that respondent is merely a branch and not a subsidiary of Unocal Corporation. Thus, respondent's new allegation does not fall under the exception to the rule.
SEC. 80. Effects of merger or consolidation. — The merger or consolidation, as provided in the preceding sections shall have the following effects:Although this provision does not explicitly state the merger's effect on the employees of the absorbed corporation, Bank of the Philippine Islands v. BPI Employees Union-Davao Chapter-Federation of Unions in BPI Unibank[71] has ruled that the surviving corporation automatically assumes the employment contracts of the absorbed corporation, such that the absorbed corporation's employees become part of the manpower complement of the surviving corporation, thus:1. The constituent corporations shall become a single corporation which, in case of merger, shall be the surviving corporation designated in the plan of merger; and, in case of consolidation, shall be the consolidated corporation designated in the plan of consolidation;
2. The separate existence of the constituent corporations shall cease, except that of the surviving or the consolidated corporation;
3. The surviving or the consolidated corporation shall possess all the rights, privileges, immunities and powers and shall be subject to all the duties and liabilities of a corporation organized under this Code;
4. The surviving or the consolidated corporation shall thereupon and thereafter possess all the rights, privileges, immunities and franchises of each of the constituent corporations; and all property, real or personal, and all receivables due on whatever account, including subscriptions to shares and other choses in action, and all and every other interest of, or belonging to, or due to each constituent corporation, shall be taken and deemed to be transferred to and vested in such surviving or consolidated corporation without further act or deed; and
5. The surviving or the consolidated corporation shall be responsible and liable for all the liabilities and obligations of each of the constituent corporations in the same manner as if such surviving or consolidated corporation had itself incurred such liabilities or obligations; and any claim, action or proceeding pending by or against any of such constituent corporations may be prosecuted by or against the surviving or consolidated corporation, as the case may be. Neither the rights of creditors nor any lien upon the property of any of such constituent corporations shall be impaired by such merger or consolidation. (Emphasis supplied)
Taking a second look on this point, we have come to agree with Justice Brion's view that it is more in keeping with the dictates of social justice and the State policy of according full protection to labor to deem employment contracts as automatically assumed by the surviving corporation in a merger, even in the absence of an express stipulation in the articles of merger or the merger plan. In his dissenting opinion, Justice Brion reasoned that:The rationale for this ruling is anchored on the nature and effects of a merger as provided under Section 80 of the Corporation Code, as well as the policies on work and labor enshrined in the Constitution.[73]To my mind, due consideration of Section 80 of the Corporation Code, the constitutionally declared policies on work, labor and employment, and the specific FEBTC-BPI situation — i.e., a merger with complete "body and soul" transfer of all that FEBTC embodied and possessed and where both participating banks were willing (albeit by deed, not by their written agreement) to provide for the affected human resources by recognizing continuity of employment — should point this Court to a declaration that in a complete merger situation where there is total takeover by one corporation over another and there is silence in the merger agreement on what the fate of the human resource complement shall be, the latter should not be left in legal limbo and should be properly provided for, by compelling the surviving entity to absorb these employees. This is what Section 80 of the Corporation Code commands, as the surviving corporation has the legal obligation to assume all the obligations and liabilities of the merged constituent corporation.
Not to be forgotten is that the affected employees managed, operated and worked on the transferred assets and properties as their means of livelihood; they constituted a basic component of their corporation during its existence. In a merger and consolidation situation, they cannot be treated without consideration of the applicable constitutional declarations and directives, or, worse, be simply disregarded. If they are so treated, it is up to this Court to read and interpret the law so that they are treated in accordance with the legal requirements of mergers and consolidation, read in light of the social justice, economic and social provisions of our Constitution. Hence, there is a need for the surviving corporation to take responsibility for the affected employees and to absorb them into its workforce where no appropriate provision for the merged corporation's human resources component is made in the Merger Plan.[72] (Emphasis supplied, citations omitted)
These constitutional provisions ensure that workers' rights are protected as they are imbued with public interest. They likewise prevent an interpretation of any law, rule, or agreement, which may violate worker's rights acquired during their employment.ARTICLE II
. . . .
State Policies
. . . .
SECTION 18. The State affirms labor as a primary social economic force. It shall protect the rights of workers and promote their welfare.
. . . .ARTICLE XIII
. . . .
Labor
SECTION 3. The State shall afford full protection to labor, local and overseas, organized and unorganized, and promote full employment and equality of employment opportunities for all.
It shall guarantee the rights of all workers to self-organization, collective bargaining and negotiations, and peaceful concerted activities, including the right to strike in accordance with law. They shall be entitled to security of tenure, humane conditions of work, and a living wage. They shall also participate in policy and decision-making processes affecting their rights and benefits as may be provided by law.
The State shall promote the principle of shared responsibility between workers and employers and the preferential use of voluntary modes in settling disputes, including conciliation, and shall enforce their mutual compliance therewith to foster industrial peace.
The State shall regulate the relations between workers and employers, recognizing the right of labor to its just share in the fruits of production and the right of enterprises to reasonable returns on investments, and to expansion and growth.
An employment contract or contract of service essentially has value because it embodies work — the means of adding value to basic raw materials and the processes for producing goods, materials and services that become the lifeblood of corporations and, ultimately, of the nation. Viewed from this perspective, the employment contract or contract of service is not an ordinary agreement that can be viewed in strictly contractual sense. It embodies work and production and carries with it a very significant element of public interest; thus, the Constitution, no less, accords full recognition and protection to workers and their contribution to production.Associate Justice Brion likewise discussed the nature of a merger agreement vis-a-vis the employment contracts:
. . . .
These constitutional statements and directives, aside from telling us to consider work, labor and employment beyond purely contractual terms, also provide us directions on how our considerations should be made, i.e., with an eye on the interests they represent — the individual, the corporate, and more importantly, the national.[77]
This recognition is not to objectify the workers as assets and liabilities, but to recognize — using the spirit of the law and constitutional standards — their necessary involvement and need to be provided for in a merger situation. Neither does this step, directly impacting on the employees' individual employment contracts, detract from the in personam character of these contracts. For in a merger situation, no change of employer is involved; the change is in the internal personality of the employer rather than through the introduction of a new employer which would have novated the contract. This conclusion proceeds from the nature of a merger as a corporate development regulated by law and the merger's implementation through the parties' merger agreement.Senior Associate Justice Antonio T. Carpio's Dissenting Opinion[79] likewise discusses the constitutional and legal right to security of tenure as basis for ruling that the employment contracts of the absorbed corporation subsist in case of a merger:
. . . .
In the BPI-FEBTC situation, these employment contracts are part of the obligations that the merging parties have to account and make provisions for under the Constitution and the Corporation Code; in the absence of any clear agreement, these employment contracts subsist, subject to the right of the employees to reject them as they cannot be compelled to render service but can only be made to answer in damages if the rejection constitutes a breach. In other words, in mergers and consolidations, these contracts should be held to be continuing, unless rejected by the employees themselves or declared by the merging parties to be subject to the authorized causes for termination of employment under Sections 282 and 283 of the Labor Code. In this sense, the merging parties' control and business decision on how employees shall be affected, in the same manner that the affected employees' decision on whether to abide by the merger or to opt out, remain unsullied.[78] (Emphasis in the original)
Upon merger, BPI, as the surviving entity, absorbs FEBTC and continues the combined business of the two banks. BPI assumes the legal personality of FEBTC, and automatically acquires FEBTC s rights, privileges and powers, as well as its liabilities and obligations.These theories were dissents to the Decision in Bank of the Philippine Islands. However, in the Resolution resolving the Motion for Reconsideration in that case, this Court found it necessary to interpret Section 80 of the Corporation Code and the constitutional provisions on labor as to strengthen the "judicial protection of the right to security of tenure of employees affected by a merger and [avoid] confusion regarding the status of various-benefits."[81] Thus, this Court ruled that the surviving corporation automatically assumes the employment contracts of the absorbed corporation. The absorbed corporation's employees are not impliedly dismissed, but become part of the manpower complement of the surviving corporation.[82]
. . . .
Among the obligations and liabilities of FEBTC is to continue the employment of FEBTC employees. These employees have already acquired certain employment status, tenure, salary and benefits. They are regular employees of FEBTC. Since after the merger, BPI has continued the business of FEBTC, FEBTC's obligation to these employees is assumed by BPI, and BPI becomes duty-bound to continue the employment of these FEBTC employees.
Under Article 279 of the Labor Code, regular employees acquire security of tenure, and hence, may not be terminated by the employer except upon legal grounds. . . . Without any of these legal grounds, the employer cannot validly terminate the employment of regular employees; otherwise, the employees' right to security of tenure would be violated.
The merger of two corporations does not authorize the surviving corporation to terminate the employees of the absorbed corporation in the absence of just or authorized causes as provided in Articles 282 and 283 of the Labor Code. . . . Once an employee becomes permanent, he is protected by the security of tenure clause in the Constitution, and he can be terminated only for just or authorized causes as provided by law.[80]
Likewise, the Memorandum of Agreement[88] dated November 1, 2005 betweeen petitioner and respondent states:Article XII
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PARTIES AND INDUSTRIAL PEACE
. . . .
Section 2. ADDITIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES
. . . .
In the event of closure, cessation of operations, retrenchment, redundancy or installation of labor saving devices, the COMPANY will pay just and fair compensation for those who will be separated from the COMPANY. The separation benefit is covered under a MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT as agreed upon by both parties and shall serve as a part of this agreement (Annex B).[87]
Merger is not one of the circumstances where the employees may claim separation pay. The only instances where separation pay may be awarded to petitioner are: (a) reduction in workforce as a result of redundancy; (b) retrenchment or installation of labor-saving devices; or (c) closure and cessation of operations.WITHESSETH: That
WHEREAS, the COMPANY and the UNION recognize the possibility that UNOCAL PHILIPPINES, INC. may undergo at its discretion reduction in workforce as a result of redundancy, retrenchment or installation of labor saving devices, or closure and cessation of operations.
WHEREAS, the COMPANY and the UNION agree that should any of the above-cited conditions occur that may directly affect the tenure of existing employees, the rights of the employees should be respected and that the COMPANY will pay just and fair compensation for those who will be separated from the COMPANY;
In view of the foregoing and in consideration of industrial peace and this covenant, the parties hereby agree as follows:
. . . .
2. The COMPANY will provide the following separation benefits for all regular and probationary employees in the event that they lose their jobs as a result of the conditions cited above;
- Separation Pay: 2.5 months multiplied by the current monthly base pay plus monthly equivalent of the 13th month and 14th month pay multiplied by the number of years service.[89]
[W]e believe that redundancy, for purposes of our Labor Code, exists where the services of an employee are in excess of what is reasonably demanded by the actual requirements of the enterprise. Succinctly put, a position is redundant where it is superfluous, and superfluity of a position or positions may be the outcome of a number of factors, such as overhiring of workers, decreased volume of business, or dropping of a particular product line or service activity previously manufactured or undertaken by the enterprise. The employer has no legal obligation to keep in its payroll more employees than are necessary for the operation of its business.[90] (Citations omitted)Retrenchment, on the other hand, is the reduction of personnel to save on costs on salaries and wages due to a considerable decline in the volume of business.[91]