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On December 15, 1986, Asst. Provincial Fiscal Bernardo G. Delfin filed with the Regional Trial Court an Information^[6] for Frustrated Murder against petitioner Elizardo Ditche and one Rene España. It reads:

"That on the 3rd day of April, 1983, at or about 6:00 o’clock in the afternoon, along the national highway in Barangay San Roque, Municipality of Asturias, Province of Cebu, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, together with two other persons whose identities are still unknown, the latter two to be prosecuted separately as soon as procedural requirements shall have been complied with upon their identification, conspiring, confederating and mutually helping each other, all armed with high-powered firearms, with evident premeditation and treachery and intent to kill, did then and there wilfully, unlawfully and feloniously ambush, shoot and fire their firearms at the direction of NONITO TAM, MRS. ANNABELLA TAM, CEDRIC TAM AND EMELITO TINGAL who were riding on a motorcycle on the way to Poblacion Asturias, Cebu from Tubigagmanok, Asturias, Cebu, hitting Nonito Tam and Emelito Tingal and the said victim suffered gunshot wounds, thus performing all the acts of execution which would have produced the crime of Murder as a consequence but nevertheless did not produce it by reason of causes independent of the will of the accused, that is, the frantic maneuver of the motorcycle to make it run in zigzag and the timely medical attendance extended to the victims at the Cebu (Velez) General Hospital.

"Contrary to law."

Duly arraigned on May 25, 1984, petitioner Elizardo Ditche and Rene España pleaded "Not Guilty" to the charge.^[7] In the course of the trial, however, Rene España died on February 13, 1990.^[8]

In due time, the trial court rendered its decision^[9] convicting petitioner Ditche of Frustrated Murder, the dispositive portion of which reads:

"WHEREFORE, considering that the quantum of evidence in the case at bar has satisfied the moral certainty required in the criminal case, it is therefore the findings of this court to hold the accused GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt of frustrated murder in Article 248, in relation to Art. 50 of the Revised Penal Code. It is hereby sentenced ^[sic] of this court for the accused after applying the indeterminate sentence law to suffer the penalty of six (6) years, one (1) month and eleven (11) days to ten (10) years and to pay the amount of P1,500.00 as hospitalization expenses and Five Thousand Pesos (P5,000.00) as moral damages and to pay the cost.

"SO ORDERED."

Petitioner appealed from the decision to the Court of Appeals.

On January 14, 1993, the Court of Appeals promulgated its decision affirming the guilt of petitioner, but at the same time agreeing with the recommendation of the Solicitor General that since the wound inflicted on the complainant was not of such serious nature as would have produced death, petitioner should only be guilty of Attempted and not Frustrated Murder.^[10]

On February 17, 1993, petitioner filed a Motion for Reconsideration^[11] of the decision. He also filed a Motion for New Trial^[12] on March 19, 1993, praying that the case be remanded to the lower court for the reception of the testimonies of new witnesses Marcelo Remis and Angela Nemenzo.

On June 10, 1993, the Court of Appeals denied both Motion for Reconsideration and Motion for New Trial on the grounds that first, the former is a mere reiteration or repetition of the arguments already ventilated in his brief and second, the latter was filed beyond the reglementary period.^[13]

Hence, this petition for review of the decision of the Court of Appeals.

The pertinent facts are:

Sometime on March 30, 1983 at around 5:30 in the afternoon, Nonito Tam,^[14] went to the house of Dr. Noel at Ginabasa, Tubigagmanok, Asturias, Cebu to inform Dr. Noel about the theft of coconuts in his plantation. A minute later, petitioner arrived.^[15] In the course of their conversation, a verbal quarrel ensued between petitioner and Nonito Tam. Petitioner challenged the latter to a fist fight. But Dr. Noel intervened and pacified them. Having calmed down, both petitioner and Tam left for home.^[16]

On April 3, 1983, at around 6:00 o’clock in the evening, Tam, his wife Annabella, son, Cedric and a farm helper, Emelito Tingal were on their way home from their farm at Barangay Tubigagmanok, Asturias, Cebu. While riding a motorcycle driven by Tam they were ambushed at Barangay San Roque.^[17] Shortly before reaching the site of the ambush, Tam had already sighted two (2) men half-naked from the waist, sitting on a sack of copra placed along the right side of the road going to Asturias, Cebu. When Tam and company were four (4) meters away from the said sack of copra, the two (2) men stood up and began firing at them using a revolver. Tam continued to negotiate the road amid the gunfire. Ten (10) meters away from the ambush site, Tam looked back and this time he saw four (4) men firing and chasing them. He positively identified two (2) of the four (4) men as petitioner Ditche and the now deceased Rene España.^[18]

Upon reaching their house at Poblacion, Asturias, Cebu, Tam told his neighbor, Lucy Dumdum, to report the incident to the police authorities.^[19] Lucy Dumdum was also the one who asked permission from the Mayor to lend them his car to transport the injured to the Cebu (Velez) General Hospital for medical treatment. The car was driven by one Carlo Magno Alao, brother of Lucy Dumdum.^[20] Dr. Reynaldo Baclig was the physician who treated the injured at the said hospital.^[21]

During cross-examination, Tam admitted that he filed a case for Grave Threats against the late Rene España with the office of petitioner Ditche who was, at that time, the barangay captain. But petitioner Ditche did not entertain his complaint, so he filed a case with the Office of the Provincial Fiscal. For this reason, petitioner allegedly got irritated and plotted his revenge.^[22]

On re-direct examination, Tam declared that he realized that he was hit only after driving one (1) kilometer away from the ambush site when he felt numbness on his right knee.^[23] His helper, Emelito Tingal, was also hit on the back of his left knee.

Although the shooting incident was reported by Lucy Dumdum on April 3, 1983, police authorities did not make any record. According to them Dumdum’s report was an informal report, hence, no investigation was ever conducted on that day.^[24]

Once discharged from the hospital on April 7, 1983, Tam reported the incident to the police authorities and had the same entered in the police blotter. However, to his surprise, the certification of the police stated that the attackers were unidentified. Tam called the attention of Pat. Tomas Tundag, the policeman on duty, but the latter did not rectify the erroneous report. Pat. Tundag did not bother to change the certification.^[25] Thus, Tam reported the incident to the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) hoping that from the NBI he could obtain justice and protection.^[26]

Annabella Rojo Tam, wife of Tam, gave corroborative testimony. She positively identified petitioner Ditche and the deceased España as two (2) of the four (4) men who fired at them at Barrio San Roque, on April 3, 1983 at around 6:00 o’clock in the evening.^[27]

Leticia Quijano Noel, another prosecution witness, also corroborated the testimony of Tam. She declared that on March 30, 1983, Tam went to their house to report the theft that happened in their coconut plantation. She asked his son to invite and fetch petitioner Ditche, their Barangay Captain, to come over to their house. In the course of their conversation,^[28] a heated argument ensued between petitioner and Tam. Petitioner challenged Tam to a fight. But Dr. Noel pacified both of them and when both calmed down, Dr. and Mrs. Noel invited the two (2) to join them for dinner. Thereafter, both left for home.^[29]

Petitioner’s defense is basically alibi. His testimony was corroborated by defense witness Venpelubio Gilbuena, his Barangay Secretary. He claimed that on April 3, 1983 at around 4:00 o’clock in the afternoon, he was at his residence at Ginabasan, Tubigagmanok, together with Gilbuena. Witness Gilbuena helped him prepare the minutes of the meeting of the Association of Barangay Council of Asturias of which petitioner was the Secretary. Both left the petitioner’s house at around 7:00 o’clock in the evening. Gilbuena returned to his own house while petitioner reported for work at the White Cement Factory.^[30]

On cross-examination, witness Gilbuena admitted that petitioner Ditche requested him to testify on his behalf.^[31]

Petitioner raises the following assignment of errors:
    

"I.	THE RESPONDENT COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN DENYING THE PETITIONER’S MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL DESPITE ITS HAVING BEEN FILED SEASONABLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH SECTION 14, RULE 124 OF THE REVISED RULES ON CRIMINAL PROCEDURE.
"II.	THE RESPONDENT COURT OF APPEALS GRAVELY ABUSED ITS DISCRETION AND ERRED WHEN IT AFFIRMED THE CONVICTION OF THE PETITIONER ON THE BASIS OF AN ILLOGICAL AND IMPOSSIBLE CONCLUSION OF POSITIVE IDENTIFICATION OF PETITIONER AS THE ALLEGED ASSAILANT, IN UTTER DISREGARD OF NUMEREOUS CIRCUMSTANCES AND/OR FACTS ESTABLISHED BY EVIDENCE EXTANT ON THE RECORDS WHICH NEGATE SUCH IDENTIFICATION AND GROSSLY IGNORING THE PRONOUNCEMENTS OF THE SUPREME COURT WHICH ARE CONSIDERED AS THE APPLICABLE LAW ON SUCH CIRCUMSTANCES.
"III.	THE RESPONDENT COURT OF APPEALS GRAVELY ERRED IN MAKING CONCLUSIONS IN ITS DECISION THAT ARE GROUNDED ENTIRELY ON SURMISES OR CONJECTURES AND IN MAKING INFERENCES WHICH ARE MANIFESTLY MISTAKEN AND WITHOUT ANY SPECIFIC EVIDENTIARY BASIS."[32]

The petition is devoid of merit.

Petitioner contends that respondent Court of Appeals erred in denying his motion for new trial on the ground that the same was filed beyond the period for perfecting an appeal. He maintained that he received the Court of Appeal's decision on January 22, 1993. On February 17, 1993, he filed his motion for reconsideration. Pending resolution of said motion, petitioner filed a motion for new trial on March 19, 1993 claiming newly discovered evidence which would result in the reversal of his conviction.

While it is true that petitioner’s motion for new trial was seasonably filed, in order for the said motion to be granted, the same must be based on newly discovered evidence material to his defense.^[33]

Petitioner's allegedly newly discovered evidence consists of the testimonies of Marcelo Remis and Angela Nemenzo to the effect that at the time relevant to this case, they were residing within the vicinity of the ambush site and that when the shooting incident took place, it was already dark as it was already, in their estimate, 7:00 o'clock and not 6:00 o'clock in the evening as declared by the prosecution witnesses.

However, not only is such allegedly newly discovered evidence necessarily predicated on the alleged incredulousness of the prosecution witness, whose credibility has in fact already been determined by the trial court, but more importantly, it merely attempts to corroborate the earlier defense of the petitioner on the alleged impossibility of positive identification. Hence, the additional evidence sought to be presented by the defense is not really a newly discovered evidence as contemplated by law and therefore will not change the result of the case.

The judge who penned the assailed decision was not the only one who heard and received the evidence presented by the parties. The case was heard by two (2) judges, namely, Judge Melchor C. Arboleda, in whose court the Information was filed and who heard the testimonies of three (3) out of the four (4) prosecution witnesses while Judge Jose P. Burgos heard the case from the cross-examination of the third prosecution witness onward. This fact, however, does not diminish the veracity and correctness of the factual findings of the trial court. In any event, we have gone over the records, including the transcript of stenographic notes, and we found no reason to disturb the factual findings and conclusion of the trial court.

The findings of the trial court on the credibility of witnesses deserve great weight, given the clear advantage of a trial judge over an appellate court in the appreciation of testimonial evidence. This is the rule. The trial court is in the best position to assess the credibility of witnesses and their testimonies because of its unique opportunity to observe the witnesses, their demeanor, conduct and attitude on the witness stand. These are the most significant factors in evaluating the sincerity of witnesses and in unearthing the truth.^[34] Although the rule admits of certain exceptions, none obtains in this case.

Petitioner equates his alleged non-identification with the fact that the victims^[35] of the ambush initially failed to mention the name of their assailants or attackers to the parents-in-law of Tam^[36], the Asturias Police^[37], Lucy Dumdum,^[38] the Municipal Mayor^[39] and Carlomagno Alao.^[40] Petitioner likewise maintains that Tam’s testimony as corroborated by his wife, smacks of fabrication considering that it took him nine (9) days to reveal the names of the assailants to the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), where he sought assistance. Petitioner also insists that the crime scene was dark; thus, it was impossible for Tam and his wife to identify their attackers.

But as gleaned from the findings of both the trial court and the Court of Appeals, petitioner’s identity as the culprit has been sufficiently established. Tam and his wife could not have been mistaken in pointing petitioner and the late España as their attackers considering that both were familiar to them; petitioner Ditche was their Barangay Chairman while España was earlier charged by Tam for grave threats.

Moreover, the non-disclosure by witnesses to the police officers of the identity of the assailants immediately after the occurrence of the crime is not entirely against human experience.^[41] The natural reticence of most people to get involved in criminal prosecution against immediate neighbors, as in this case,^[42] is of judicial notice.^[43]

Anent petitioner’s insistance that the alleged darkness of the evening of the ambush obviates any credible and true identification of the assailants, the records show that when the incident took place, respondent was not yet even using his motorcycle’s headlight,^[44] hence, it cannot be said that it was already dark. At any rate, the prosecution witnesses testified that visibility was fair. If petitioner recognized his intended victims, there was no reason why the survivors from the ambush could not have also recognized him aside from the fact that prosecution witness Annabella Tam testified that the nearest the four (4) assailants came close to their motorcycle was about five (5) meters.^[45]

In other words, prosecution witnesses Nonito and Annabella Tam were consistent in positively identifying petitioner and España as the assailants. Tam testified, thus:

        

"FISCAL DELFIN:
"Q	You said that you were ambushed at Barangay San Roque on your way home from Tubigagmanok. Will you please tell this Honorable Court what happened actually in that ambush?
"A	While we were going to San Roque I saw two men half naked from the waist up sitting on a sack of copra along the road on the right towards the poblacion.
"Q	Aside from those two men, did they have other companions?
"A	It was only afterwards that I saw Elizardo Ditche and Rene España.
"Q	Where did you see them?
"A	Along the road, right side."[46]
"x x x
"FISCAL DELFIN:
"Q	What happened when you saw them?
"A	Four (4) meters before I reach the two men, they stood up and fired at us.
"Q	What did they use in firing?
"A	Revolver, sir.
"Q	When they fired at you were you or any of your companion hit?
"A	I was hit on my right knee and my farm helper was also hit at the back of his left knee.
"Q	How about this Elizardo Ditche and Rene Eapaña, what did he do?
"A	They also helped in firing at us because ten (10) meters away from them when I looked back the four (4) of them were shooting at us."[47]
x x x
"Q	You said that during the ambush those persons were half naked up to the waist who fired at you first. Do you know those persons?
"A	We do not know them.
"Q	How about the two (2) others, do you know them?
"A	Yes, sir.
"Q	What are their names?
"A	Barangay Captain Elizardo Ditche and Rene España.
"Q	Why do you know them?
"A	Because before the ambush I knew already these Elizardo Ditche and Rene España. This Rene España, I knew him because I even charged him with grave threats in Asturias."[48]

Witness Annabella Tam gave a more detailed account of the incident in this wise:

"ATTY. POGADO
"Q	What was the unusual incident that took place upon reaching San Roque, Asturias, Cebu, if any.
"A	We were ambushed.
"Q	How were you ambushed?
"A	By people firing at us using short arms.
"COURT
"Q	What do you mean short arms?
"A	Revolver, sir.
"ATTY. POLGADO
"Q	What was your distance at the time you were first fired upon?
"A	About four (4) meters from the persons
"Q	Of what side of the road were the persons firing at you that time you were proceeding to Poblacion, Asturias, Cebu?
"A	At the right side of the road.
"Q	At that distance of four (4) meters away when the persons first fired at you, did you recognize the persons who fired at you at that time?
"A	I did not actually saw the persons who fired at us. I was not able to recognize them.
"Q	You remember how may times you were fired at?
"A	Many times.
"Q	After the first burst of fire at you, what did your husband do, if any?
"A	He continued driving the motor.
"Q	When you told this Court that several shots were fired at you, how far were you at that time the second firing of shots?
"A	Five (5) or six (6) meters.
"Q	At that distance of five (5) or six (6) meters away from the persons firing at you, you can now recognize the persons who were firing at you?
"A	Yes, sir. I saw two (2) persons.
"Q	Who were these two (2) persons you were able to identify?
"A	They were Elizardo Ditche and Rene España.
"Q	The accused in this case?
"A	Yes, sir."[49]

Annabella Rojo Tam was so firm during her cross-examination that she did not falter when the trial court asked her some clarificatory questions. Rather, her additional declarations served to strengthen the credibility of her version of the incident:

"COURT TO THE WITNESS
"Q	Let us make this clear again. You were passing directly opposite these two person sitting on the sack when you were directly opposite, you were fired upon. And this firing and even flashes began, you saw from these two person you told your husband to speed up, when you speed up, you look back, and you already saw four persons.
"A	Yes, your Honor.
"COURT
"Q	In other words, the moment you saw these two persons firing at you, you did not continuously looked at them?
"A	I looked back and they are continuously firing, so I looked back again.
"COURT
	Continue
"ATTY. FAJARDO
"Q	When you looked back, you saw four persons already?
"A	Yes, sir.
"Q	When you looked back, and saw these four persons they were about ten (10) meters away from you?
"A	Yes, sir.
"Q	There was no moment at all that any of these four persons were able to undertake or come near you at a distance of a close distance of one meter?
"A	None of them.
"Q	As these four persons were not able to overtake you or come near you, will you tell the honorable court how far were these persons about to come to you or to be near you in terms of distance?
"COURT TO THE WITNESS
"Q	Let us put it this way, you told your husband to speed up, you already saw person running after you, were these people running fast?
"A	Yes, they were running fast.
"Q	And you were continuously looking at them running after you?
"A	Yes, your Honor.
"Q	Since they were running fast, was there any moment that anyone of them came almost near your motorcycle.
"A	Yes, your Honor.
"x x x
"ATTY. FAJARDO
"Q	How close has this accused got themselves to you?
"A	At this juncture, the witness pointed to the second seat (long bench) in the courtroom which measures five (5) meters."[50]

Considering that the testimonies of the prosecution witnesses were straightforward, consistent and replete with details,^[51] aside from the fact that there is nothing in the record which shows that the witnesses were moved by any improper motive, the presumption is that the witnesses were not biased and their testimonies are entitled to full faith and credence.^[52]

Finally, We reject the alibi of petitioner that he was in his house at Ginabasan, Tubigagmanok, Asturias, together with his Secretary, Gilbuena on April 3, 1983, at around 4:00 o’clock in the afternoon, preparing the minutes of the Association of Barangay Council of Asturias.

When averring alibi, two requirements must be strictly met in order that the same may be of value to the defense, namely, (1) that the accused was not present at the scene of the crime at the time of its commission, and (2) that it was physically impossible for him to be there at the time. Without said essential requisites having been established, reliance on alibi, all the more becomes a liability.^[53] Hence, for the defense of alibi to prosper, it is not enough to prove that accused was somewhere else when the offense was committed; it must likewise be demonstrated that he was so far away that it was not possible for him to have been physically present at the place of the crime or its immediate vicinity at the time of its commission.^[54]

In this case, as testified to by petitioner himself, he was in his house which is only four (4) kilometers from the ambush site. Petitioner failed to show that it was physically impossible for him to be present at the place of the commission of the offense, and so we perforce apply the well settled doctrine that alibi is inherently a weak defense which should be rejected where the accused was positively identified by an eyewitness to the commission of the offense.

Manifest in the attack employed by the offenders was treachery. Article 14, (16) of the Revised Penal Code provides that treachery is committed when the offender employs means or methods in the execution of the crime which tend directly and specially to insure its execution, without risk to himself arising from the defense which the offended party might make.

From the testimonies of the prosecution witnesses, it was clear that petitioner and his cohorts deliberately waited for Tam and his group ready to spray them with bullets. All the four (4) attackers were armed while the victims were not. The attack was undisputedly sudden and unexpected. This suddenness and unexpectedness of the assault without the slightest provocation on the part of the persons attacked, is the essence of treachery.^[55]

In the light of these considerations, we find no reason to reverse or modify the ruling of the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals correctly convicted petitioner Ditche, his guilt having been proven beyond reasonable doubt, more particularly for attempted murder inasmuch the injury sustained by the victim, Nonito Tam, was not of such serious nature as would have produced death.

WHEREFORE, the appeal is hereby DENIED and the assailed Decision of the Court of Appeals is hereby AFFIRMED. Costs against the petitioner.

SO ORDERED.

Bellosillo, (Chairman), Mendoza, Quisumbing, and Buena, JJ., concur.

---

^[1] Under Rule 45 of the Revised Rules of Court.
^[2] In CA-G.R. No. 11608, penned by Associate Justice (now of the Supreme Court) Santiago M. Kapunan, and concurred in by Associate Justices Alfredo M. Marigomen and Cancio C. Garcia, Rollo, pp. 34-42.
^[3] Denying petitioner’s Motion for Reconsideration and Motion for New Trial, Rollo, p. 43.
^[4] Rollo, pp. 80-86.
^[5] Branch 29, 7th Judicial Region, Toledo City in Crim. Case No. TCS-138.
^[6] Original Record, pp. 1-2.
^[7] Id., p. 140.
^[8] As evidenced by Certificate of Death, Id., p. 939.
^[9] Dated November 16, 1990; Rollo, pp. 80-86.
^[10] Rollo, pp. 41-42.
^[11] Court of Appeals (C.A.) Rollo, pp. 134-145.
^[12] Id, pp. 147-168.
^[13] Id., p. 193.
^[14] Together with Cedric (his son) and Emelito Tingal (his helper).
^[15] Prosecution witness Leticia Quijano Noel testified that she and husband Dr. Noel invited petitioner Elizardo Ditche to come over to their house.
^[16] TSN dated October 17, 1984, pp. 4-7.
^[17] Id., pp. 7-10.
^[18] TSN dated November 12, 1984, pp. 21-24.
^[19] Id., p. 29.
^[20] TSN dated February 21, 1985, pp. 20-21.
^[21] Exhibit "A".
^[22] TSN dated February 21, 1985, p. 22.
^[23] TSN dated June 14, 1985, p. 15.
^[24] Id., p. 30.
^[25] Id., pp. 27-31.
^[26] Id., p. 33.
^[27] TSN dated April 14, 1987, pp. 31-33, 36.
^[28] Tam, petitioner Ditche and Dr. Benjamin Noel.
^[29] TSN dated November 12, 1985, pp. 7-12, 20.
^[30] TSN dated November 4, 1987, p. 3.
^[31] TSN dated June 20, 1988, p. 8.
^[32] Rollo, pp. 18-19.
^[33] Section 14, Rule 124 of the Revised Rules of Court provides:

"Motion for New Trial. - At any time after the appeal from the lower Court has been perfected and before the judgment of the appellate court convicting the accused becomes final, the latter may move for a new trial on the ground of newly discovered evidence material to his defense, the motion to conform to the provision of Section, 4, Rule 121."

^[34] People v. Victor, 292 SCRA 186, 194-195 (1998).
^[35] Nonito Tam, his wife Annabella, son, Cedric and helper, Emelito Tingal.
^[36] At whose house they made a brief stop-over in Barangay Langub, the barangay after San Roque where the ambush took place.
^[37] Where the group had to pass by before reaching their residence. The municipal hall which housed the police headquarter is approximately 200 meters away from Tan’s residence and is on the same side of the national road.
^[38] Tam’s neighbor whom they requested to report the incident to the police authorities.
^[39] From whom Lucy Dumdum, borrowed a car used to transport the injured to Cebu (Velez) General Hospital for medical treatment.
^[40] The Mayor’s driver who drove the car to the hospital.
^[41] People v. Malimit, 264 SCRA 167, 174 (1996).
^[42] Petitioner España was the Barangay Captain of Barangay Tubigagmanok of which respondent was a resident.
^[43] People v. Malimit; supra at p. 175.
^[44] TSN dated November 12, 1984, p. 19.
^[45] TSN dated December 17, 1986, p. 20.
^[46] TSN dated October 17, 1984, pp. 10-11.
^[47] Id., p. 12-13.
^[48] Id., pp. 17-18.
^[49] TSN dated July 16, 1986, pp. 4-5.
^[50] TSN dated December 17, 1986, pp. 17-20.
^[51] People v. Rosare, 264 SCRA 398, 407 (1996).
^[52] People v. Garcia, 258 SCRA 411, 419 (1996).
^[53] People v. Asis, 286 SCRA 64, 73 (1998).
^[54] People v. Cañete, 287 SCRA 490, 500 (1998).
^[55] People v. Quinao, 269 SCRA 495, 511 (1997).