| CONTACT: |
| Supreme Court of the Philippines Library Services, Padre Faura, Ermita, Manila, Philippines 1000 |
| (632) 8524-2706 |
| libraryservices.sc@judiciary.gov.ph |
634 Phil. 426
SECOND DIVISION
[ G.R. Nos. 180772 and 180776, May 06, 2010 ]
LAND BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES [LBP], PETITIONER, VS. DOMINGO AND MAMERTO SORIANO, RESPONDENTS.
D E C I S I O N
PEREZ, J.:
For consideration is a Petition for Review on Certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court filed by the Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP) seeking the annulment of the Decision[1] dated 9 October 2007 and the Resolution[2] dated 12 December 2007 issued by the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP Nos. 89005 and 89288.
The controversy is hinged on the determination of just compensation for land covered by the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).
First, the antecedents.
Domingo and Mamerto Soriano (respondents) are the registered owners of several parcels of rice land situated in Oas, Albay. Out of the 18.9163 hectares of land[3] owned by the respondents, 18.2820 hectares were placed under the Operations Land Transfer and the CARP pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 27[4] and Republic Act No. 6657, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law.[5]
The LBP[6] pegged the value of 18.0491 hectares of land at P482,363.95[7] (P133,751.65 as land value plus P348,612.30 incremental interest), while the remaining 0.2329 hectare was computed at P8,238.94.[8] Not satisfied with the valuation, respondents, on 23 November 2000, instituted a Complaint[9] for judicial determination of just compensation with the Regional Trial Court of Legazpi City,[10] sitting as a Special Agrarian Court (SAC). Respondents alleged that they are entitled to an amount of not less than P4,500,000.00 as just compensation.[11]
On 21 February 2005, the SAC rendered a judgment, ordering LBP to pay the respondents P894,584.94. The dispositive portion reads:
The SAC applied the formula prescribed under Executive Order No. 228 in determining the valuation of the property, i.e., Land value = Average Gross Production x 2.5 x Government Support Price. It likewise granted compounded interest pursuant to Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) Administrative Order No. 13, series of 1994, as amended by DAR Administrative Order No. 2, series of 2004.
Both parties disagreed with the trial court's valuation, prompting them to file their respective appeals with the Court of Appeals. The appellate court, however, affirmed the judgment of the trial court. It also upheld the award of compounded interest, thus:
LBP moved for reconsideration but it was denied by the Court of Appeals on 12 December 2007.
LBP filed the instant petition seeking to nullify the appellate court's decision and resolution, particularly the amount awarded to respondents as just compensation.
Basic is the tenet that since respondents were deprived of their land, they are entitled to just compensation. Under Executive Order No. 228, the formula used to compute the land value is:
With the passage of Republic Act (R.A.) No. 6657 or the CARL in 1988, new guidelines were set for the determination of just compensation. In particular, Section 17 provides, thus:
Consequently, two divergent formulae arose which prompted the Court to come up with a categorical pronouncement that, if just compensation is not settled prior to the passage of Republic Act No. 6657, it should be computed in accordance with the said law, although the property was acquired under Presidential Decree No. 27. The fixing of just compensation should therefore be based on the parameters set out in Republic Act No. 6657, with Presidential Decree No. 27 and Executive Order No. 228 having only suppletory effect.[14]
In the instant case, while the subject lands were acquired under Presidential Decree No. 27, the complaint for just compensation was only lodged before the court on 23 November 2000 or long after the passage of Republic Act No. 6657 in 1988. Therefore, Section 17 of Republic Act No. 6657 should be the principal basis of the computation for just compensation. As a matter of fact, the factors enumerated therein had already been translated into a basic formula by the DAR pursuant to its rule-making power under Section 49 of Republic Act No. 6657. The formula outlined in DAR Administrative Order No. 5, series of 1998 should be applied in computing just compensation, thus:
As much as this Court would like to determine the proper valuation based on the formula cited above, the records of this case are bereft of adequate data. To write finis to this case, we uphold the amount derived from the old formula. However, since the application of the new formula is a matter of law and thus, should be made applicable, the parties are not precluded from asking for any additional amount as may be warranted by the new formula.
On to the more pertinent issue. LBP assails the imposition of 6% interest rate on the 18.0491 hectares of lot valued at P133,751.65. It avers that the incremental interest due to the respondents should be computed from the date of taking on 21 October 1972, not up to full payment of just compensation but up to the time LBP approved the payment of their just compensation claim and a corresponding deposit of the compensation proceeds was made by the bank. LBP relies on the provisions of DAR Administrative Order No. 13, series of 1994, as amended, which substantially provides that "the grant of 6% yearly interest compounded annually shall be reckoned from 21 October 1972 up to the time of actual payment but not later than December 2006." LBP stresses that under said Administrative Order, time of actual payment is defined as the date when LBP approves the payment of the land transfer claim and deposits the compensation proceeds in the name of the landowner in cash and in bonds. In sum, LBP posits that the appellate court departed from the express provision of DAR Administrative Order No. 13, as amended, by imposing an interest to be reckoned from the time of taking up to the actual payment of just compensation.[16]
Respondents counter that the award of interest until full payment of just compensation was correctly adhered to by the lower courts in line with the Court's ruling in Land Bank of the Philippines v. Imperial,[17] which found it inequitable to determine just compensation based solely on the formula provided by DAR Administrative Order No. 13, as amended. According to respondents, the award of interest until full payment of just compensation is to ensure prompt payment. Moreover, respondents claim that the date LBP approves the payment of the land transfer claim and deposits the proceeds in the name of the landowner is not tantamount to actual payment because on said date, the release of the amount is conditioned on certain requirements.[18]
This issue has already been raised before the Court of Appeals by LBP, first, in its petition for review and, second, in its motion for reconsideration. The Court of Appeals, however, neglected to give a definitive ruling on the issue of computation of interest and merely echoed the trial court's ruling that respondents are entitled to the 6% compounded interest per annum from the date of taking on 21 October 1972 until full payment of just compensation.
At any rate, we cannot subscribe to the arguments of LBP.
Section 4, Article XIII of the 1987 Constitution, mandates that the redistribution of agricultural lands shall be subject to the payment of just compensation. The deliberations of the 1986 Constitutional Commission on this subject reveal that just compensation should not do violence to the Bill of Rights, but should also not make an insurmountable obstacle to a successful agrarian reform program. Hence, the landowner's right to just compensation should be balanced with agrarian reform.[19]
Administrative Order No. 13, as amended, was issued to compensate those who were effectively deprived of their lands by expropriation. LBP relies on said Administrative Order to justify its own computation of interest. A literal reading of this Administrative Order seems to favor LBP's interpretation with respect to the period covered by the interest rate. We quote the relevant portion of the Administrative Order:
However, as embodied in its Prefatory Statement, the intent of the Administrative Order was precisely to address a situation "where a number of landholdings remain unpaid in view of the non-acceptance by the landowners of the compensation due to low valuation. Had the landowner been paid from the time of taking his land and the money deposited in a bank, the money would have earned the same interest rate compounded annually as authorized under banking laws, rules and regulations."[21] The concept of just compensation embraces not only the correct determination of the amount to be paid to the owners of the land, but also payment within a reasonable time from its taking. Without prompt payment, compensation cannot be considered "just" inasmuch as the property owner is made to suffer the consequences of being immediately deprived of his land while being made to wait for a decade or more before actually receiving the amount necessary to cope with his loss.[22] To condition the payment upon LBP's approval and its release upon compliance with some documentary requirements would render nugatory the very essence of "prompt payment." Therefore, to expedite the payment of just compensation, it is logical to conclude that the 6% interest rate be imposed from the time of taking up to the time of full payment of just compensation.
Certainly, the trend of recent rulings bolsters this interpretation. In Forform Development Corporation v. Philippine National Railways,[23] the Philippine National Railways was directed to file the appropriate expropriation action over the land in question, so that just compensation due to its owner may be determined in accordance with the Rules of Court, with interest at the legal rate of 6% per annum from the time of taking until full payment is made. The Court in Manila International Airport Authority v. Rodriguez[24] ordered just compensation for the portion of respondent's lot actually occupied by the runway, with interest thereon at the legal rate of 6% per annum from the time of taking until full payment is made.
LBP also proffers that just compensation pertaining to the 0.2329 hectare valued at P8,238.94 with no pronouncement as to interest per the Department of Agrarian Reform Adjudication Board (DARAB) decision has already attained finality, hence, it cannot be modified.[25]
Anent the DARAB decision relating to the 0.2329 hectare, suffice it to say that the determination of just compensation is a judicial function.[26] The DAR's land valuation is only preliminary and is not, by any means, final and conclusive upon the landowner or any other interested party. In the exercise of their functions, the courts still have the final say on what the amount of just compensation will be.[27] Hence, we sustain the computation reached by the trial court.
WHEREFORE, the petition is DENIED. The Decision dated 9 October 2007 and the Resolution dated 12 December 2007 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP Nos. 89005 and 89288 are hereby AFFIRMED without prejudice to the right of the parties for additional claims that may arise in the application of DAR Administrative Order No. 5, series of 1998 in relation to R.A. No. 6657.
SO ORDERED.
Carpio, (Chairperson), Corona*, Del Castillo and Abad, JJ., concur.
* Per Resolution dated 25 June 2008, Associate Justice Renato C. Corona is designated an additional member in place of Associate Justice Arturo D. Brion, who was then the Director of Land Bank of the Philippines.
[1] Penned by Associate Justice Myrna Dimaranan Vidal, and concurred in by Associate Justices Jose L. Sabio, Jr. and Noel G. Tijam.
[2] Rollo, pp. 86-87.
[3] As stipulated in the pre-trial orders dated 14 January and 16 March 2004. CA rollo, pp. 122-127.
[4] Entitled "Decreeing The Emancipation Of Tenants From The Bondage Of The Soil Transferring To Them The Ownership Of The Land They Till And Providing The Instruments And Mechanism Therefor."
[5] Rollo, p. 44.
[6] Land Bank of the Philippines is a government banking institution designated under Section 64 of Republic Act No. 6654 as the financial intermediary of the agrarian reform program of the government. (See Land Bank of the Philippines v. De Leon, G.R. No. 164025, 8 May 2009). Under Section 1 ofExecutive Order No. 405, series of 1990, the Land Bank of the Philippines is charged with the initial responsibility of determining the value of lands placed under land reform and the just compensation to be paid for their taking.(See Land Bank of the Philippines v. Luciano, G.R. No. 165428, 25 November 2009).
[7] Rollo, p. 43.
[8] Per Department of Agrarian Reform Adjudication Board Decision dated 7 May 2000. Rollo, p. 22.
[9] Id. at 194-198.
[10] Presided by Judge Henry B. Basilla.
[11] Rollo, p. 197.
[12] Id. at 173.
[13] Id. at 30.
[14] Land Bank of the Philippines v. Heirs of Eleuterio Cruz, G.R. No. 175175, 29 September 2008, 567 SCRA 31, 37-38; Land Bank of the Philippines v. Heirs of Angel T. Domingo, G.R. No. 168533, 4 February 2008, 543 SCRA 627, 638-639.
[15] Land Bank of the Philippines v. Celada, G.R. No. 164876, 23 January 2006, 479 SCRA 495, 508.
[16] Rollo, pp. 48-51.
[17] G.R. No. 157753, 12 February 2007, 515 SCRA 449.
[18] Rollo, p. 372.
[19] Land Bank of the Philippines v. Dumlao, G.R. No. 167809, 27 November 2008, 572 SCRA 108, 124.
[20] Rollo, p. 358.
[21] Id. at 359.
[22] Land Bank of the Philippines v. Orilla, G.R. No. 157206, 27 June 2008, 556 SCRA 103, 117.
[23] G.R. No. 124795, 10 December 2008, 573 SCRA 350.
[24] G.R. No. 161836, 28 February 2006, 483 SCRA 619.
[25] Rollo, p. 54.
[26] Land Bank of the Philippines v. J.L. Jocson, G.R. No. 180803, 23 October 2009; Land Bank of the Philippines v. Kumassie Plantation Company, Inc., G.R. Nos. 177404 and 178097, 25 June 2009; National Power Corporation v. Bongbong, G.R. No. 164079, 3 April 2007, 520 SCRA 290, 307; Land Bank of the Philippines v. Natividad, G.R. No. 127198, 16 May 2005, 458 SCRA 441, 450-451.
[27] Land Bank of the Philippines v. Dumlao, supra note 19 at 128.
The controversy is hinged on the determination of just compensation for land covered by the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).
First, the antecedents.
Domingo and Mamerto Soriano (respondents) are the registered owners of several parcels of rice land situated in Oas, Albay. Out of the 18.9163 hectares of land[3] owned by the respondents, 18.2820 hectares were placed under the Operations Land Transfer and the CARP pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 27[4] and Republic Act No. 6657, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law.[5]
The LBP[6] pegged the value of 18.0491 hectares of land at P482,363.95[7] (P133,751.65 as land value plus P348,612.30 incremental interest), while the remaining 0.2329 hectare was computed at P8,238.94.[8] Not satisfied with the valuation, respondents, on 23 November 2000, instituted a Complaint[9] for judicial determination of just compensation with the Regional Trial Court of Legazpi City,[10] sitting as a Special Agrarian Court (SAC). Respondents alleged that they are entitled to an amount of not less than P4,500,000.00 as just compensation.[11]
On 21 February 2005, the SAC rendered a judgment, ordering LBP to pay the respondents P894,584.94. The dispositive portion reads:
ACCORDINGLY, the just compensation of the 18.0491 hectares of irrigated riceland is P133,751.79, plus increment of 6% per annum computed annually beginning October 21, 1972, until the value is fully paid, and of the 0.2329 hectare of rain fed riceland is P8,238.94 plus 12% interest per annum, beginning August 17, 1998, until the value is fully paid or a total of P894,584.94 as of this date. Land Bank is ordered to pay the landowners Domingo Soriano and Mamerto Soriano said amount/land value in accordance with law.[12]
The SAC applied the formula prescribed under Executive Order No. 228 in determining the valuation of the property, i.e., Land value = Average Gross Production x 2.5 x Government Support Price. It likewise granted compounded interest pursuant to Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) Administrative Order No. 13, series of 1994, as amended by DAR Administrative Order No. 2, series of 2004.
Both parties disagreed with the trial court's valuation, prompting them to file their respective appeals with the Court of Appeals. The appellate court, however, affirmed the judgment of the trial court. It also upheld the award of compounded interest, thus:
In the case at bar, the subject lands were taken under PD 27 and were covered by Operation Land Transfer, making the aforecited Administrative Order applicable. Hence, the Petitioners SORIANOs are entitled to the 6% compounded interest per annum from the date of taking on 21 October 1972 until full payment of the just compensation.[13]
LBP moved for reconsideration but it was denied by the Court of Appeals on 12 December 2007.
LBP filed the instant petition seeking to nullify the appellate court's decision and resolution, particularly the amount awarded to respondents as just compensation.
Basic is the tenet that since respondents were deprived of their land, they are entitled to just compensation. Under Executive Order No. 228, the formula used to compute the land value is:
Land value = Average Gross Production (AGP) x 2.5
x Government Support Price (GSP)
With the passage of Republic Act (R.A.) No. 6657 or the CARL in 1988, new guidelines were set for the determination of just compensation. In particular, Section 17 provides, thus:
Determination of Just Compensation. — In determining just compensation, the cost of acquisition of the land, the current value of like properties, its nature, actual use and income, the sworn valuation by the owner, the tax declarations, and the assessment made by government assessors shall be considered. The social and economic benefits contributed by the farmers and the farmworkers and by the Government to the property as well as the non-payment of taxes or loans secured from any government financing institution on the said land shall be considered as additional factors to determine its valuation.
Consequently, two divergent formulae arose which prompted the Court to come up with a categorical pronouncement that, if just compensation is not settled prior to the passage of Republic Act No. 6657, it should be computed in accordance with the said law, although the property was acquired under Presidential Decree No. 27. The fixing of just compensation should therefore be based on the parameters set out in Republic Act No. 6657, with Presidential Decree No. 27 and Executive Order No. 228 having only suppletory effect.[14]
In the instant case, while the subject lands were acquired under Presidential Decree No. 27, the complaint for just compensation was only lodged before the court on 23 November 2000 or long after the passage of Republic Act No. 6657 in 1988. Therefore, Section 17 of Republic Act No. 6657 should be the principal basis of the computation for just compensation. As a matter of fact, the factors enumerated therein had already been translated into a basic formula by the DAR pursuant to its rule-making power under Section 49 of Republic Act No. 6657. The formula outlined in DAR Administrative Order No. 5, series of 1998 should be applied in computing just compensation, thus:
LV = (CNI x 0.6) + (CS x 0.3) + (MV x 0.1)
Where: LV = Land Value
Where: LV = Land Value
CNI = Capitalized Net Income
CS = Comparable Sales
MV = Market Value per Tax Declaration[15]
As much as this Court would like to determine the proper valuation based on the formula cited above, the records of this case are bereft of adequate data. To write finis to this case, we uphold the amount derived from the old formula. However, since the application of the new formula is a matter of law and thus, should be made applicable, the parties are not precluded from asking for any additional amount as may be warranted by the new formula.
On to the more pertinent issue. LBP assails the imposition of 6% interest rate on the 18.0491 hectares of lot valued at P133,751.65. It avers that the incremental interest due to the respondents should be computed from the date of taking on 21 October 1972, not up to full payment of just compensation but up to the time LBP approved the payment of their just compensation claim and a corresponding deposit of the compensation proceeds was made by the bank. LBP relies on the provisions of DAR Administrative Order No. 13, series of 1994, as amended, which substantially provides that "the grant of 6% yearly interest compounded annually shall be reckoned from 21 October 1972 up to the time of actual payment but not later than December 2006." LBP stresses that under said Administrative Order, time of actual payment is defined as the date when LBP approves the payment of the land transfer claim and deposits the compensation proceeds in the name of the landowner in cash and in bonds. In sum, LBP posits that the appellate court departed from the express provision of DAR Administrative Order No. 13, as amended, by imposing an interest to be reckoned from the time of taking up to the actual payment of just compensation.[16]
Respondents counter that the award of interest until full payment of just compensation was correctly adhered to by the lower courts in line with the Court's ruling in Land Bank of the Philippines v. Imperial,[17] which found it inequitable to determine just compensation based solely on the formula provided by DAR Administrative Order No. 13, as amended. According to respondents, the award of interest until full payment of just compensation is to ensure prompt payment. Moreover, respondents claim that the date LBP approves the payment of the land transfer claim and deposits the proceeds in the name of the landowner is not tantamount to actual payment because on said date, the release of the amount is conditioned on certain requirements.[18]
This issue has already been raised before the Court of Appeals by LBP, first, in its petition for review and, second, in its motion for reconsideration. The Court of Appeals, however, neglected to give a definitive ruling on the issue of computation of interest and merely echoed the trial court's ruling that respondents are entitled to the 6% compounded interest per annum from the date of taking on 21 October 1972 until full payment of just compensation.
At any rate, we cannot subscribe to the arguments of LBP.
Section 4, Article XIII of the 1987 Constitution, mandates that the redistribution of agricultural lands shall be subject to the payment of just compensation. The deliberations of the 1986 Constitutional Commission on this subject reveal that just compensation should not do violence to the Bill of Rights, but should also not make an insurmountable obstacle to a successful agrarian reform program. Hence, the landowner's right to just compensation should be balanced with agrarian reform.[19]
Administrative Order No. 13, as amended, was issued to compensate those who were effectively deprived of their lands by expropriation. LBP relies on said Administrative Order to justify its own computation of interest. A literal reading of this Administrative Order seems to favor LBP's interpretation with respect to the period covered by the interest rate. We quote the relevant portion of the Administrative Order:
The grant of six percent (6%) yearly interest compounded annually shall be reckoned as follows:3.1 Tenanted as of 21 October 1972 and covered under OLT
- From 21 October 1972 up to the time of actual payment but not later than December 2006
3.2 Tenanted after 21 October 1972 and covered under OLT
-From the date when the land was actually tenanted (by virtue of Regional Order of Placement issued prior to August 18, 1987) up to the time of actual payment but not later than December 2006
Time of actual payment - is the date when the Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP) approves payment of the land transfer claim and deposits the compensation proceeds in the name of the landowner (LO) in cash and in bonds. The release of payment can be claimed by the landowner upon compliance with the documentary requirements for release of payment.[20]
However, as embodied in its Prefatory Statement, the intent of the Administrative Order was precisely to address a situation "where a number of landholdings remain unpaid in view of the non-acceptance by the landowners of the compensation due to low valuation. Had the landowner been paid from the time of taking his land and the money deposited in a bank, the money would have earned the same interest rate compounded annually as authorized under banking laws, rules and regulations."[21] The concept of just compensation embraces not only the correct determination of the amount to be paid to the owners of the land, but also payment within a reasonable time from its taking. Without prompt payment, compensation cannot be considered "just" inasmuch as the property owner is made to suffer the consequences of being immediately deprived of his land while being made to wait for a decade or more before actually receiving the amount necessary to cope with his loss.[22] To condition the payment upon LBP's approval and its release upon compliance with some documentary requirements would render nugatory the very essence of "prompt payment." Therefore, to expedite the payment of just compensation, it is logical to conclude that the 6% interest rate be imposed from the time of taking up to the time of full payment of just compensation.
Certainly, the trend of recent rulings bolsters this interpretation. In Forform Development Corporation v. Philippine National Railways,[23] the Philippine National Railways was directed to file the appropriate expropriation action over the land in question, so that just compensation due to its owner may be determined in accordance with the Rules of Court, with interest at the legal rate of 6% per annum from the time of taking until full payment is made. The Court in Manila International Airport Authority v. Rodriguez[24] ordered just compensation for the portion of respondent's lot actually occupied by the runway, with interest thereon at the legal rate of 6% per annum from the time of taking until full payment is made.
LBP also proffers that just compensation pertaining to the 0.2329 hectare valued at P8,238.94 with no pronouncement as to interest per the Department of Agrarian Reform Adjudication Board (DARAB) decision has already attained finality, hence, it cannot be modified.[25]
Anent the DARAB decision relating to the 0.2329 hectare, suffice it to say that the determination of just compensation is a judicial function.[26] The DAR's land valuation is only preliminary and is not, by any means, final and conclusive upon the landowner or any other interested party. In the exercise of their functions, the courts still have the final say on what the amount of just compensation will be.[27] Hence, we sustain the computation reached by the trial court.
WHEREFORE, the petition is DENIED. The Decision dated 9 October 2007 and the Resolution dated 12 December 2007 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP Nos. 89005 and 89288 are hereby AFFIRMED without prejudice to the right of the parties for additional claims that may arise in the application of DAR Administrative Order No. 5, series of 1998 in relation to R.A. No. 6657.
SO ORDERED.
Carpio, (Chairperson), Corona*, Del Castillo and Abad, JJ., concur.
* Per Resolution dated 25 June 2008, Associate Justice Renato C. Corona is designated an additional member in place of Associate Justice Arturo D. Brion, who was then the Director of Land Bank of the Philippines.
[1] Penned by Associate Justice Myrna Dimaranan Vidal, and concurred in by Associate Justices Jose L. Sabio, Jr. and Noel G. Tijam.
[2] Rollo, pp. 86-87.
[3] As stipulated in the pre-trial orders dated 14 January and 16 March 2004. CA rollo, pp. 122-127.
[4] Entitled "Decreeing The Emancipation Of Tenants From The Bondage Of The Soil Transferring To Them The Ownership Of The Land They Till And Providing The Instruments And Mechanism Therefor."
[5] Rollo, p. 44.
[6] Land Bank of the Philippines is a government banking institution designated under Section 64 of Republic Act No. 6654 as the financial intermediary of the agrarian reform program of the government. (See Land Bank of the Philippines v. De Leon, G.R. No. 164025, 8 May 2009). Under Section 1 ofExecutive Order No. 405, series of 1990, the Land Bank of the Philippines is charged with the initial responsibility of determining the value of lands placed under land reform and the just compensation to be paid for their taking.(See Land Bank of the Philippines v. Luciano, G.R. No. 165428, 25 November 2009).
[7] Rollo, p. 43.
[8] Per Department of Agrarian Reform Adjudication Board Decision dated 7 May 2000. Rollo, p. 22.
[9] Id. at 194-198.
[10] Presided by Judge Henry B. Basilla.
[11] Rollo, p. 197.
[12] Id. at 173.
[13] Id. at 30.
[14] Land Bank of the Philippines v. Heirs of Eleuterio Cruz, G.R. No. 175175, 29 September 2008, 567 SCRA 31, 37-38; Land Bank of the Philippines v. Heirs of Angel T. Domingo, G.R. No. 168533, 4 February 2008, 543 SCRA 627, 638-639.
[15] Land Bank of the Philippines v. Celada, G.R. No. 164876, 23 January 2006, 479 SCRA 495, 508.
[16] Rollo, pp. 48-51.
[17] G.R. No. 157753, 12 February 2007, 515 SCRA 449.
[18] Rollo, p. 372.
[19] Land Bank of the Philippines v. Dumlao, G.R. No. 167809, 27 November 2008, 572 SCRA 108, 124.
[20] Rollo, p. 358.
[21] Id. at 359.
[22] Land Bank of the Philippines v. Orilla, G.R. No. 157206, 27 June 2008, 556 SCRA 103, 117.
[23] G.R. No. 124795, 10 December 2008, 573 SCRA 350.
[24] G.R. No. 161836, 28 February 2006, 483 SCRA 619.
[25] Rollo, p. 54.
[26] Land Bank of the Philippines v. J.L. Jocson, G.R. No. 180803, 23 October 2009; Land Bank of the Philippines v. Kumassie Plantation Company, Inc., G.R. Nos. 177404 and 178097, 25 June 2009; National Power Corporation v. Bongbong, G.R. No. 164079, 3 April 2007, 520 SCRA 290, 307; Land Bank of the Philippines v. Natividad, G.R. No. 127198, 16 May 2005, 458 SCRA 441, 450-451.
[27] Land Bank of the Philippines v. Dumlao, supra note 19 at 128.