335 Phil. 945
HERMOSISIMA, JR., J.:
"On August 2, 1993, the Professional Regulations Commission (PRC) issued the Table of Results of those who failed the May, 1993 Certified Public Accountant (CPA) Licensure Examinations. On Page 11 thereof, Sequence No. 493, petitioner Olivia B. Camanag was listed as having failed with a general average of 50.00% (Annex "1").Thereafter, petitioner posted her cash bond with 'Waiver' viz:
However, on December 15, 1993, petitioner in accomplishing her Personal Data sheet (CSC form No. 212) as employee of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) indicated under question No. 18 that she passed the May, 1993 Board Examinations with a rating of 75.42% (Annex "2").
On July 4, 1994, an anonymous letter was sent to PRC Chairman Hermogenes P. Pobre 'claiming that certain BIR employees allegedly passed the CPA Licensure Exams under anomalous circumstances' (Annex "3").
Still, on July 28, 1994, petitioner claimed to have received what was purportedly a 'Certified True Copy' of her passing rating sheet, allegedly signed by PRC Acting Assistant Chief Leandro O. Ordenes (Mr. Leandro O. Ordenes is actually the Records Officer of the PRC) (Pet., Annex "C").
On August 24, 1994, PRC Chairman Pobre wrote Ombudsman Conrado Vasquez that BIR employees Marilyn Lee, Connie Dimapilis, Eilene Purification, Elenita Villamor, Lodiminda Crizaldo, petitioner Olivia Camanag and Maria Rosario de los Reyes, did not actually pass the CPA licensure examinations (Annex "3").
On October 5, 1994, Associate Ombudsman Investigator (AOI) Joaquin S. Bumanlag set the fact-finding investigation of the matter on October 11, 1994 at 10:00 a.m. He also issued a Subpoena Duces Tecum to the Chief of the BIR Personnel Division (Annex "4").
On December 1, 1994, AOI Bumanglag concluded his fact-finding investigation with a Report finding probable cause against petitioner for violation of Article 171(4) of the Revised Penal Code. AOI Bumanglag recommended a preliminary investigation (Annex "5") to be conducted on the case, and at the same time, he executed under oath the corresponding affidavit-complaint against petitioner (Annex "6").
On December 19, 1994, Ombudsman Investigator (OI) Rainier C. Almazan, acting on the said affidavit-complaint, directed petitioner to submit her counter-affidavit (Annex "7").
On January 13, 1995, petitioner submitted her counter-affidavit with annexes alleging that she passed the CPA licensure examinations with a grade of 75.42% (Annex "8").
On January 31, 1995, PRC Records Section Chief Leandro O. Ordenes, issued a Certification, stating that petitioner failed in the CPA licensure examinations (Annex "9").
On February 27, 1995, OI Almazan issued a Resolution, finding '. . . sufficient ground to engender a well-founded belief that the crimes of falsification of public documents . . . have been committed . . .' (Petition, Annex "F").
Under a 1st Indorsement of even date, Deputy Ombudsman for the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) Manuel B. Casaclang deputized respondent City Prosecutor of Manila Jesus Guerrero to file the corresponding charges against petitioner and to handle the prosecution of the cases (Annex "10").
On April 11, 1995, the Office of the City Prosecutor of Manila docketed the case as IS No. 95-D-12930 and herein respondent Nestor Gonzales, Assistant City Prosecutor of Manila, set it for another round of preliminary investigation on May 5 and 12, 1995 (Annex "11").
While the preliminary investigation was ongoing before the City Prosecutor, petitioner filed a motion to reset preliminary investigation (Annexes "11-A" and "12"), Motion to Issue Subpoena and Subpoena Duces Tecum to Leandro Ordenes [OIC, Records Section] and Ernesto Jaurique [Exec. Director] (Petition, Annex "G"); and a Comment/Manifestation stating, among others, that 'another round of preliminary investigation should be conducted by the City Prosecutor.' Why petitioner should demand another round of preliminary investigation while one was already on-going is not clear on record.
At any rate, the preliminary investigation conducted by the City Prosecutor yielded additional evidence of falsification against petitioner, to wit: Ordenes' Certification (Annex "9"), and the Table of Results-Failed, CPA Licensure Exams (Annex "1"), both submitted by the PRC showing that petitioner did flunk the CPA Licensure Exam of May, 1993.
On June 21, 1995, respondent City Prosecutor issued the questioned Resolution, 'x x x finding sufficient ground to hold petitioner for trial' and ordering the filing of the Information in court (Pet., Annex "I").
On July 17, 1995, three (3) Informations for falsification of public documents were filed against petitioner docketed as Criminal Cases No. 95-143922-24. The cases were raffled off to the sala of respondent Judge Marino M. dela Cruz, Regional Trial Court, Branch 22, Manila (Annex "13-A" - "13-C").
On July 25, 1995, petitioner filed a Motion to Reduce Bail Bond (Annex "14").
But even before respondent judge could act on his motion to reduce bail bond, petitioner filed the instant petition.
"SEC. 15. Powers, functions and duties. — The Office of the Ombudsman shall have the following powers, functions and duties:The Ombudsman Act, petitioner concedes, clearly empowers the Office of the Ombudsman to conduct preliminary investigation and to prosecute individuals on matters and/or complaints referred to it or filed before the said government agency. But, the vesting of powers to the Office of the Ombudsman to conduct preliminary investigations and to directly undertake criminal prosecutions, petitioner argues, is totally bereft of any constitutional basis. In support of this stand, petitioner cites that, under the 1987 Philippine Constitution, specifically in Section 13, Article XI, entitled "Accountability of Public Officers," the only powers of the present day Ombudsman are enumerated as follows:
(1) Investigate and prosecute on its own or on complaint by any person, any act or omission of any public officer or employee, office or agency, when such act or omission appears to be illegal, unjust, improper or inefficient. It has primary jurisdiction over cases cognizable by the Sandiganbayan and, in the exercise of this primary jurisdiction, it may take over, at any stage, from any investigatory agency of Government, the investigation of such cases;
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(3) Direct the officer concerned to take appropriate action against a public officer or employee at fault or who neglects to perform an act or discharge a duty required by law, and recommend his removal, suspension, demotion, fine, censure, or prosecution, and ensure compliance therewith; or enforce its disciplinary authority as provided in Section 21 of this Act; Provided, That the refusal of any officer without just cause to comply with an order of the Ombudsman to remove, suspend, demote, fine, censure, or prosecute an officer or employee who is at fault or who neglects to perform an act or discharge a duty required by law shall be ground for disciplinary action against said officer."
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"SEC. 17. Immunities. — In all hearings, inquiries, and proceedings of the Ombudsman, including preliminary investigations of offenses, no person subpoenaed to testify as a witness shall be excused from attending and testifying or from producing books, papers, correspondence, memoranda and/or other records on the ground that the testimony or evidence, documentary or otherwise, required of him, may tend to incriminate him or subject him to prosecution: Provided, That no person shall be prosecuted criminally for or on account of any matter concerning which he is compelled, after having claimed the privilege against self-incrimination, to testify and produce evidence, documentary or otherwise.
Under such terms and conditions as it may determine, taking into account the pertinent provisions of the Rules of Court, the Ombudsman may grant immunity from criminal prosecution to any person whose testimony or whose possession and production of documents or other evidence may be necessary to determine the truth in any hearing, inquiry or proceedings being conducted by the Ombudsman or under its authority, in the performance of or in the furtherance of its constitutional functions and statutory objectives. The immunity granted under this and the immediately preceding paragraph shall not exempt the witness from criminal prosecution for perjury or false testimony nor shall he be exempt from demotion or removal from office.
Any refusal to appear or testify pursuant to the foregoing provisions shall be subject to punishment for contempt and removal of the immunity from criminal prosecution."
"Section 13. The Office of the Ombudsman shall have the following powers, functions and duties:From the above-quoted provision of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, petitioner claims that the powers of the Ombudsman are clearly defined or delineated. More particularly, petitioner alleges that the extent of the power of the Ombudsman, insofar as criminal prosecutions are concerned, is clearly spelled out in paragraphs (1) and (3) as emphasized. But while, petitioner alleges, Section 13, paragraph (1) of the aforecited Article XI of the Constitution duly empowers the Ombudsman to conduct investigations, the power to directly undertake criminal prosecutions has been clearly withheld by the framers of the Constitution from the Ombudsman in no uncertain terms under paragraph (3) of the aforecited article, which merely empowers the Office of the Ombudsman "to direct the officer concerned to take appropriate action and recommend prosecution". Thus, according to petitioner, while it is clear that the Office of the Ombudsman has no power to directly undertake criminal prosecutions, there is a question as to whether the power lodged in it to investigate under paragraph (1) is tantamount to a grant of power to conduct preliminary investigations.
(1) Investigate on its own, or on complaint by any person, any act or omission of any public official, employee, office or agency, when such act or omission appears to be illegal, unjust, improper, or inefficient.
(2) Direct, upon complaint or at its own instance, any public official or employee of the Government, or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof, as well as of any government-owned or controlled corporation with original charter, to perform and expedite any act or duty required by law, or to stop, prevent, and correct, any abuse or impropriety in the performance of duties.
(3) Direct the officer concerned to take appropriate action against a public official or employee at fault, and recommend his removal, suspension, demotion, fine, censure, or prosecution, and ensure compliance therewith.
(4) Direct the officer concerned, in any appropriate case, and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law, to furnish it with copies of documents relating to contracts or transactions entered into by his office involving the disbursement or use of public funds or properties, and report any irregularity to the Commission on Audit for appropriate action.
(5) Request any government agency for assistance and information necessary in the discharge of its responsibilities, and to examine, if necessary, pertinent records and documents.
(6) Publicize matters covered by its investigation when circumstances so warrant and with due prudence.
(7) Determine the causes of inefficiency, red tape, mismanagement, fraud, and corruption in government and make recommendation for their elimination and the observance of high standards of ethics and efficiency.
(8) Promulgate its rules of procedure and exercise such other powers or perform such functions or duties as may be provided by law. (Emphasis supplied).
"x x x (a) criminal action: a proceeding instituted and carried on by due course of law, before a competent tribunal, for the purpose of determining the guilt or innocence of a person charged with crime x x x"[2]More precisely, petitioner continues, "to prosecute" has been defined as "to begin and to carry on a legal proceeding,"[3] and "it marks the commencement of a criminal prosecution and precedes and determines the filing of an information."[4]
"MR.. RODRIGO: Madam President.In view of the above-quoted records of the proceedings of the Constitutional, Commission, it is clear, petitioner argues, that the power of the Ombudsman is limited to the mere issuance of the directives to the appropriate officer, i.e., the Prosecutor, to cause the filing of the information and the prosecution thereof. This allegedly clearly portrays the intent of the Constitutional Commission members to withhold prosecutorial powers from the Ombudsman and to lodge it with other governmental officers.
The President: Commissioner (Francisco A.) Rodrigo is recognized.
MR. RODRIGO: I noticed that the proposed provisions on the Ombudsman retain the Tanodbayan, and there seems to be an overlapping in the functions of the Tanodbayan and the Ombudsman. What is the clear-cut dividing line between the functions of the Ombudsman and the Tanodbayan, so that our people will know when to go to the Tanodbayan and when to go to the Ombudsman?
MR. MONSOD: Madam President, essentially, the difference lies in one being a prosecutory arm and the other a champion of the citizen who is not bound by legal technicalities or legal forms, but I would like to ask Commissioner Nolledo to explain this in detail.
MR. NOLLEDO: If we go over the provision of P.D. No. 1607, which amended P.D. No. 1487, creating the Office of the Tanodbayan, also called by Mr. Marcos as Ombudsman, there are two parts in the functions of the Tanodbayan: First, to act as prosecutor of anti-graft cases, and to entertain complaints from the public. The second part constitutes the basic function of the Ombudsman. And if we turn to page 3 of the report of the Committee, Section 5 provides and I quote:
'The Tanodbayan created pursuant to the mandate of Section 6 of Article XIII of the Constitution shall continue to function and exercise its powers as now or hereafter may be provided by law, except those conferred on the office of the Ombudsman created under this constitution.'
This means that we are removing the second part of the functions of the Tanodbayan and vesting the same in the office of the Ombudsman; and therefore, the Tanodbayan shall continue to discharge his functions under the first party merely as prosecutor, like a fiscal, of anti-graft cases, which are filed with the Anti-Graft Court.
MR. RODRIGO: So, the Ombudsman cannot prosecute?
MR. NOLLEDO: No, he cannot. He can refer the cases that should be prosecuted to the appropriate official — he may be the Tanodbayan or he may be the ordinary fiscal.
MR. RODRIGO: Has the Ombudsman any power to compel the prosecuting arm to prosecute or can he only recommend?
MR. NOLLEDO: He can direct.
MR. RODRIGO: Can he command?
MR. NOLLEDO: That is equivalent to commanding the fiscal if the fiscal refuses to file the case. And then in that case, if the fiscal refuses, then there are available remedies. He may appeal to the Ministry of Justice.
MR. RODRIGO: Can the Ombudsman act on his own?
MR. NOLLEDO: Yes, even without a complaint.
MR. RODRIGO: If the fiscal refuses to file the information, can the Ombudsman file the information?
MR. NOLLEDO: No. I understand he will appeal to the Minister of Justice and the Ministry of Justice will correspondingly decide on the appeal. If the Ministry of Justice, for example, upholds the Ombudsman, there is no question about that. But if the Ministry of Justice does not uphold him, the Ombudsman perhaps, based on the presidential form of government, may appeal to the President. And the President, where the Ministry of Justice is merely his alter ego, may overrule the Minister of Justice . . . .xxx."[5]
"Section 7. The existing Tanodbayan shall hereafter be known as the office of the Special Prosecutor. It shall continue to function and exercise its power as now or hereafter may be provided by law, except those conferred on the office of the Ombudsman created under this Constitution."In support of this argument, petitioner claims that in the interpretation of this particular provision and those pertaining to the office of the Ombudsman, Fr. Joaquin Bernas, an eminent authority on constitutional law and a member of the 1986 Constitutional Commission, had occasion to write:
"The 1973 Constitution also enjoined the Batasang Pambansa to create an office of the Ombudsman or Tanodbayan. Again the Batasang Pambansa was anticipated by the President in P.D. 1630 creating the office then of Tanodbayan. The broad discretion of the legislative authority to expand or contract the power of the Tanodbayan under the 1973 Constitution was recognized in Inting v. Tanodbayan.If prosecutorial functions have in fact been retained by the Office of the Special Prosecutor, petitioner opines, the unqualified grant of power to exercise such prosecutorial functions given by R.A. No. 6770 to the office of the Ombudsman invariably diminishes the authority and power lodged in the office of the Special Prosecutor. In this light, petitioner argues, R.A. No. 6770, insofar as it unqualifiedly vests prosecutorial functions to the office of the Ombudsman, infringes on Section 7, Article XI of the fundamental law, and is hence, unconstitutional.
The 1987 Constitution changed much of that. The title Tanodbayan has been retained for the Ombudsman. He has also been given one over-all deputy and at least one deputy each for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. He retains the functions of the Tanodbayan of the 1973 Constitution except the prosecutorial functions.
The Ombudsman and his deputies are appointed by the President from a list of nominees presented by the judicial and Bar Council and they have rank of Chairman and Member respectively of the Constitutional Commissions. They serve for a term of seven years.
The prosecutorial functions have been given over to a Special Prosecutor from the Ombudsman. (The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, Bernas, Joaquin, Vol. II, 1990 p. 408) [emphasis supplied]"[6]
"xxx (w)hile the intention to withhold prosecutorial powers from the Ombudsman was indeed present, the Commission did not hesitate to recommend that the Legislature could, through statute, prescribe such other powers, functions and duties to the Ombudsman. Paragraph 6, Section 12 of the original draft of the proposed Article on Accountability of Public Officers, which the Committee recommended for incorporation in the Constitution, reads:
Expounding on this power of Congress to prescribe other powers, functions, and duties to the Ombudsman, we quote Commissioners Colayco and Monsod during interpellation by Commissioner Rodrigo:
MR. RODRIGO:
Let us go back to the division between the powers of the Tanodbayan and the Ombudsman which says that:
The Tanodbayan . . . shall continue to function and exercise its powers as provided by law, except those conferred on the office of the Ombudsman created under this Constitution.
The powers of the Ombudsman are enumerated in Section 12.
MR. COLAYCO:
They are not exclusive.
MR. RODRIGO:
So, these powers can also be exercised by the Tanodbayan?
MR. COLAYCO:
No, I was saying that the powers enumerated here for the Ombudsman are not exclusive.
MR. RODRIGO:
Precisely, I am coming to that. The last enumerated functions of the Ombudsman is: 'to exercise such powers or perform such functions or duties as may be provided by law. 'So, the legislature may vest him with powers taken away from the Tanodbayan, may it not?
MR. COLAYCO:
Yes.
MR. MONSOD:
Yes.
MR. RODRIGO:
And it is possible that pretty soon the Tanodbayan will be a useless appendage and will lose all his powers.
MR. COLAYCO:
No. I am afraid the Gentleman has the wrong perception of the system. We are leaving to the Tanodbayan the continuance of his functions and the exercise of the jurisdiction given to him pursuant to . . .
MR. RODRIGO:
Law.
MR. COLAYCO:
No. Pursuant first to the Constitution and the law which mandated the creation of the office.
MR. RODRIGO:
Madam President. Section 5 reads: 'The Tanodbayan shall continue to function and exercise its powers as provided by law.'
MR. COLAYCO:
That is correct, because it is under P.D. No. 1630.
MR. RODRIGO:
So, if it is provided by law, it can be taken away by law, I suppose.
MR. COLAYCO:
That is correct.
MR. RODRIGO:
And precisely, Section 12(6) says that among the functions that can be performed by the Ombudsman are 'such functions or duties as may be provided by law.' The sponsors admitted that the legislature later on might remove some powers from the Tanodbayan and transfer these to the Ombudsman.
MR. COLAYCO:
Madam President, that is correct.
MR. MONSOD:
Madam President, perhaps it might be helpful if we give the spirit and intendment of the Committee. What we wanted to avoid is the situation where it deteriorates into a prosecution arm. We wanted to give the idea of the Ombudsman a chance, with prestige and persuasive powers, and also a chance to really function as a champion of the citizen.
However, we do not want to foreclose the possibility that in the future, The Assembly, as it may see fit, may have to give additional powers to the Ombudsman; we want to give the concept of a pure Ombudsman a chance under the Constitution.
MR. RODRIGO:
Madam President, what I am worried about is if we create a constitutional body which has neither punitive nor prosecutory powers but only persuasive powers, we might be raising the hopes of our people too much and then disappoint them.
MR. MONSOD:
I agree with the Commissioner.
MR. RODRIGO:
Anyway, since we state that the powers of the Ombudsman can later on be implemented by the legislature, why not leave this to the legislature?
MR. MONSOD:
Yes, because we want to avoid what happened in 1973. I read the committee report which recommended the approval of the 27 resolutions for the creation of the office of the Ombudsman, but notwithstanding the explicit purpose enunciated in that report, the implementing law — the last one, P.D. No. 1630 — did not follow the main thrust; instead it created the Tanodbayan, (2 record, 270-271. ) (Emphasis supplied)
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MR. MONSOD: (reacting to statements of Commissioner Blas Ople):
May we just state that perhaps the honorable Commissioner has looked at it in too much of an absolutist position, The Ombudsman is seen as a civil advocate or a champion of the citizens against the bureaucracy, not against the President. On one hand, we are told he has no teeth and he lacks other things. On the other hand, there is the interpretation that he is a competitor to the President, as if he is being brought up to the same level as the President.
With respect to the argument that he is a toothless animal, we would like to say that we are promoting the concept in its form at the present, but we are also saying that he can exercise such powers and functions as may be provided by law in accordance with the direction of the thinking of Commissioner Rodrigo. We did not think that at this time we should prescribe this, but we leave it up to Congress at some future time if it feels that it may need to designate what powers the Ombudsman need in order that he be more effective. This is not foreclosed.
So, his is a reversible disability, unlike that of a eunuch; it is not an irreversible disability (Emphasis supplied)."[8]
"xxx Section 7 of Article XI expressly provides that the then existing Tanodbayan, to be henceforth known as the Office of the Special Prosecutor, 'shall continue to function and exercise its powers as now or hereafter may be provided by law, except those conferred on the Office of the Ombudsman created under this Constitution.' The underscored phrase evidently refers to the Tanodbayan's powers under P.D. No. 1630 or subsequent amendatory legislation. It follows then that Congress may remove any of the Tanodbayan's/Special Prosecutor's powers under P.D. No. 1630 or grant it other powers, except those powers conferred by the Constitution on the Office of the Ombudsman."[11]Continuing, this Court further said:
"Pursuing the present line of reasoning, when one considers that by express mandate of paragraph 8, Section 13, Article XI of the Constitution, the Ombudsman may 'exercise such other powers or perform functions or duties as may be provided by law,' it is indubitable then that Congress has the power to place the Office of the Special Prosecutor under the Office of the Ombudsman. In the same vein, Congress may remove some of the powers granted to the Tanodbayan by P.D. No. 1630 and transfer them to the Ombudsman; or grant the Office of the Special Prosecutor such other powers and functions and duties as Congress may deem fit and wise. This Congress did through the passage of R.A. No. 6770" (Emphasis supplied).[12]
"Courts cannot interfere with the discretion of the (fiscal) Ombudsman to determine the specificity and adequacy of the averments of the offense charged. He may xxx proceed with the investigation of the complaint if it is, in his view, in due and proper form.As this Court held in the case of Cruz, Jr. v. People,[19] "(t)he rule is based not only upon the investigatory and prosecutory powers granted by the Constitution to the Office of the Ombudsman but upon practicality as well. Otherwise, the functions of the courts will be grievously hampered by innumerable petitions assailing the dismissal of investigatory proceedings conducted by the Office of the Ombudsman with regard to complaints filed before it, in much the same way that the courts would be extremely swamped if they could be compelled to review the exercise of discretion on the part of the prosecuting attorneys each time they decide to file an information in court or dismiss a complaint by a private complainant."
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"The Ombudsman x x x is the proper adjudicator of the question as to the existence of a case warranting the filing of information in court."[18]
"xxx an injunction will not generally lie to restrain a criminal action (Paderanga v. Drilon, 196 SCRA 86 [1991]; Brocka v. Enriel, 192 SCRA 183 [1990]; Crespo v. Mogul, 151 SCRA 462 [1987]). In the Brocka case, we laid the following exceptions to the rule (1) when the injunction is necessary to afford adequate protection to the constitutional rights of the accused; (2) when it is necessary for the orderly administration of justice or to avoid oppression or multiplicity of actions; (3) when there is a prejudicial question which is subjudice; (4) when the acts of the officer are without or in excess of authority; (5) where the prosecution is under an invalid law, ordinance or regulation; (6) when double jeopardy is clearly apparent; (7) where the Court has no jurisdiction over the offense; (8) where it is a case of persecution rather than prosecution; (9) where the charges are manifestly false and motivated by the lust for vengeance; and (10) when there is clearly no prima facie case against the accused and a motion to quash on that ground has been denied."[20]