404 Phil. 290
KAPUNAN, J.:
That on or about August 28, 1987, in the evening, along the highway in Palamis, municipality of Alaminos, province of Pangasinan, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, with intent to kill, with treachery and evident premeditation, taking advantage of nighttime and superior strength, did then and there wilfully, unlawfully and feloniously shoot Romeo Calizar with a handgun which cause [sic] his untimely death as a consequence, to the damage and prejudice of his heirs.The Information for aggravated illegal possession of firearm and ammunitions reads:
CONTRARY to Art. 248 of the Revised Penal Code.[1]
That on or about August 28, 1987, in the evening along the highway in Palamis, municipality of Alaminos, province of Pangasinan, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, did there and then willfully, unlawfully and feloniously have in his possession, control and custody a handgun without first securing the necessary license or permit to possesses [sic] the same and the said handgun was used in shooting to death Romeo Calizar.Accused-appellant was not allowed to post bail. At his arraignment, accused-appellant pleaded not guilty to both charges. Thereafter, a joint trial of the two cases ensued.
CONTRARY to Sec. 1 of Presidential Decree No. 1866.[2]
WHEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing premises, the accused is declared GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of Murder with the use of unlicensed firearm and Criminal Case No. 3083-A is considered a mere aggravating circumstance of the crime of Murder, together with the aggravating circumstance of treachery and nighttime. Accused is sentenced by reason hereof to suffer the single indivisible penalty of reclusion perpetua and to indemnify the heirs of the victim in the amount of P100,000.00.Accused-appellant accordingly filed his notice of appeal.[19] Thereafter, he filed his appellant's brief alleging the following:
Considering the recent events at the Provincial Jail in Lingayen, Pangasinan, where a week ago from this date of judgment, there five detention prisoners who escaped detention and considering the state of security and even the conditions at the Provincial Jail in Lingayen, Pangasinan, this Court orders immediately the National Bureau of Investigation represented by Head Agent, Atty. Teofilo Galang, and/or his agents to bring the living body of the accused immediately today, upon receipt of this Decision, to the National Penitentiary at Muntinlupa to serve his sentence, subject to the automatic and requisite review of this Decision by the highest court of the land.
IT IS SO ORDERED.[18]
The Trial Court committed a reversible error in convicting the accused-appellant upon an uncorroborated and incredible testimony proceeding from the mouth of an equally incredible witness;The appeal must fail.Second Assignment of Error
The Trial Court committed grave and reversible error when in order to bolster its unjustified judgment of conviction of the accused-appellant in the above-entitled case, cavalierly and without legal bases took judicial notice of unproved, extraneous and doubtful facts and circumstances, in violation of jurisprudence x x x;Third Assignment of Error
The Trial Court committed reversible error in not taking into consideration the substantial albeit circumstantial evidence testified to by the witnesses for the defense that point to a conspiracy among the alleged lone eye witness Bob Regaspi with his blood aunt, the widow Demetria Calizar as the authors and perpetrators of the murder of Romeo Calizar.[20]
The Court finds nothing unusual about the fact that Regaspi stated two different addresses as his residence. As explained by him, after he came back from Manila, he resided in Brgy. Bolaney. However, there was also a time when he briefly resided with his grandfather in Brgy. Balingasay. Also, the fact that he is a relative of the victim's widow does not detract from Regaspi's credibility as a witness. The weight of testimony of a witness is not impaired or in any way affected by his relationship to the victim when there is no showing of improper motive on the part of the witness.[22]
- On direct-examination, Regaspi stated that he is a resident of Brgy. Bolaney, Alaminos, Pangasinan. However, on cross-examination, he mentioned that he is a resident of Brgy. Balingasay, Alaminos, Pangasinan;
- Regaspi denied that he is a relative of Demetria Calizar, the wife of the victim. In her testimony, however, Demeteria admitted that Regaspi is her nephew as he is the son of her older sister, Monica Clave;
- Regaspi claimed that he was driving a tricycle on the night of 28 August 1987 when he witnessed the slaying of Romeo Calizar. He admitted, however, that he did not possess any license to drive said vehicle. Further, while he (Regaspi) claimed that he merely borrowed the tricycle he was then driving, he could not give the name of the owner thereof;
- Regaspi testified that he saw accused-appellant shoot Romeo Calizar three (3) times. However, there were only two (2) slugs and two (2) empty shells found near the body of Romeo Calizar.[21]
The inconsistencies pointed out by accused-appellant refer merely to inconsequential details and not to the crux of the case - that Regaspi actually saw accused-appellant gun down Calizar. Well-settled is the rule that "inconsistencies on minor and trivial matters only serve to strengthen rather than weaken the credibility of witnesses for they erase the suspicion of rehearsed testimony."[24]
Q How long have you known Romeo Calizar? A It is a long time, sir. Q Mr. Witness, is Romeo Calizar still alive, if you know? A He is already dead, sir. Q Do you know how he died? A Yes, sir. I know, sir. Q How did he die? A He was shot, sir. Q Do you know who shot Romeo Calizar? A I know, sir. Q Who shot Romeo Calizar? A It was Ramon Navarro, sir. Q If Ramon Navarro is inside the court room, will you be able to recognize him, identify him and point to him? A Yes, sir. Q Will you please point on the accused, Ramon Navarro? A (Witness pointing at the accused who was wearing a blue pants and shirt and with sun-glasses and when asked his name answered Ramon Navarro).COURT: Where? The accused with sun-glasses? PROS. USON: Yes, your Honor. Q Why do you say that it was Ramon Navarro who shot Romeo Calizar? A I saw him with my two eyes, sir. Q Where did Ramon Navarro shoot Romeo Calizar? A In Palamis, sir. Q Palamis. What town is that? A Alaminos, Pangasinan, sir. Q When did Ramon Navarro shoot Romeo Calizar at Palamis, Alaminos, Pangasinan? A August 28, 1987, sir. Q What time, more or less, if you know, did you see Ramon Navarro shot Romeo Calizar? A At 9:00 o'clock, sir. Q 9:00 o'clock, in the morning or evening? A In the evening, sir. Q Now, Mr. Witness, you said that you saw Ramon Navarro shoot Romeo Calizar along Palamis, Alaminos, Pangasinan on August 28, 1987 at around the hour of 9:00 o'clock in the evening. Let us go back to that day and time. Where were you when you saw Ramon Navarro shoot Romeo Calisar?A I was near them, sir. Q What were you doing when you were near them? A I was riding on a tricycle, sir. Q Were you a passenger or a driver of that tricycle? A I was the driver, sir. Q How about Ramon Navarro, where was he in relation to you? A He went down from the vehicle that they were riding on, sir. Q He went down from what kind of, may I withdraw that, your Honor. You said he went down. Are you saying he was also riding a vehicle? A Yes, sir. Q What was he riding before he went down? A An owner-jeep, sir. Q Where was the owner-jeep heading when you saw Ramon Navarro get down? A It was facing south, sir. Q When you said that the jeep was facing south, how about you and your tricycle, where were you also facing? A It was also facing the south, sir. Q How far were you and your tricycle from the jeep that was being ridden by Ramon Navarro? A About three (3) meters, sir. Q So you were following the jeep going south? A Yes, sir. I was following the jeep. Q You said a while ago, you saw Ramon Navarro get down from the jeep. Was the jeep still running when he got down or was it stopped?A It was stopped, sir. Q How about you? When the jeep stopped, what did you do while you were following them? A I also stopped my tricycle, sir. Q When you stopped your tricycle, you saw Ramon Navarro get down from the jeep? A Yes, sir. Q What part of the jeep did he get off? A In the right side, sir. Q When you saw Ramon Navarro, may I withdraw. Will you describe the appearance of Mr. Navarro when you saw him get down from the right side of the jeep? A He was carrying a gun, sir. Q By what means was he carrying the gun? A He was holding it with his right hand, sir. Q After you saw Ramon Navarro get down from the jeep with a gun on his right hand, what next did you see happen?A He pulled out a person from the jeep, sir. Q What happened to the person that he pulled out from the jeep? A He kicked the person, sir. Q After Ramon Navarro kicked the person, what next did Ramon Navarro do? A He shot him three (3) times, sir. Q What happened to the person whom you saw Ramon Navarro shoot three times? A When he kicked the person, the person fell down on the ground and he shot him three times, sir. Q Mr. Witness, how were you able to see Mr. Ramon Navarro kicked the person and shot him three times when it was around 9:00 o'clock in the evening?A The light of their jeep was on, sir, and the light of my tricycle was also on and also the light of the jeep coming from the opposite direction.Q What kind of gun was used by Ramon Navarro that you saw in shooting the person he pulled out from the jeep?A It was short gun, sir, a 45. Q A short gun, 45. Are you familiar with 45 caliber guns? A I know, sir, because I used to see that kind of gun. Q Now, Mr. Witness, you saw that the gun used was short and according to you, it was a 45 caliber. Will you describe the gun used, let us say the color?A It was shiny, sir. Q How could you say it was shiny when it was nighttime at around 9:00 o'clock? A It was illuminated, sir. Q And what illuminated the gun to make you so sure that it was a 45 caliber? A It was illuminated by the light of my tricycle, sir. Q By the way, Mr. Witness, who was that person whom you saw pulled out from the jeep by Ramon Navarro, kicked him and then shot him three times with a 45 caliber pistol?A It was Romeo Calisar, sir. Q After you saw Ramon Navarro pulled out Calizar out of the jeep, kicked him and shot him three times with a 45 caliber pistol, what next did you do?A I drove the tricycle and went home, sir. Q Mr. Witness, did you come to know later on whatever happened to Romeo Calizar as a result of his being shot three times with a 45 caliber pistol by Ramon Navarro?ATTY MONTEMAYOR: I think that is already answered in the beginning, your Honor. It was already there.
PROS. USON: Killed. COURT: Yes, already answered. ATTY. MONTEMAYOR: Yes, your Honor, he knows what happened to him. COURT: Objection sustained. PROS. USON: Q So, you went home after you witnessed the incident. Did you not report to the Police station of Alaminos, Pangasinan what you saw?
A No, sir, because there were rumors that he was a killer.[23]
From the time that the incident occurred on or about August 28, 1987, it took the widow and her witness eight years more or less before a complaint was filed for Murder against the accused (Pages 3-7, Records). The delay was understandable because of fear of Ramon Navarro, the alleged leader of the "Aguila Gang."Accused-appellant opines that it was highly unlikely for accused-appellant to have committed the crime considering that, as testified to by Regaspi, there were numerous vehicles passing by the place and there was sufficient illumination from these cars. Accused-appellant posits that "it is totally and absolutely unbelievable that any man who is not a total fool or mentally deranged could still proceed and commit such grievous and brutal act of murder knowing that all his actions can be seen clearly under the full glare of the lights of numerous oncoming vehicles."[26] This argument is untenable. That accused-appellant killed Romeo Calizar under the circumstances testified to by Regaspi is not incredible. Criminal offenders have been known to execute their evil designs in such audacious and brazen manner. Indeed, crimes are now committed in the most unexpected places and in brazen disregard of authorities.[27]
This Court takes judicial cognizance of the fact that Alaminos, Pangasinan was held tightly gripped by the criminal elements and its citizenry cowered in fear, of their lives being endangered and wasted. Hence, literally speaking, the citizens in one occasion in 1995 stood up as one to denounce the Aguila Gang. In that rally referred to, to seek an assurance from the authorities for justice and protection and for the attainment of a just and lasting peace and order, the government authorities, with equal vigor and zeal, responded to the numerous cases filed against the accused of crimes dating back to the year 1987. Many witnesses and offended parties came up by then, encouraged by their belief that their government's commitment for their protection from the lawless element has been revitalized by the entire citizenry, who were awakened and rose up as one to prevent further destruction of lives and for the protection of the interest of humanity.
This judicial notice adopted by the Court finds its support in the testimony of one of the witnesses for the defense, in the person of the Honorable Mayor of Alaminos, Pangasinan, Leon M. Rivera, Jr. Mayor Rivera, Jr. testified that he became mayor of the municipality of Alaminos from 1973 continuously up to the present; that he knows Ramon Navarro, the accused in these cases; that there was a rally of Alaminos residents against accused Ramon Navarro (TSN, January 31, 1997, Page 6) with a very big participation from the residents of the municipality; that the accused is the leader of the Aguila Gang and the rally that was conducted in 1995 by the citizens of Alaminos is precisely centered on the alleged illegal activities of the Aguila Gang, with respect to unsolved killings, robberies and proliferation of jueteng attributed to the leadership of the accused (TSN, Page 7, supra).[25]
As a backgrounder and by way of judicial notice, the Court quotes the August 1995 PNP RECOM I BULLETIN, in Pages 32-33 of the Special Report, in order to give a sufficient background on who the accused is in these cases:Contrary to accused-appellant's contention, the foregoing "backgrounder" or judicial notice taken by the trial court was not the basis for his conviction. Rather, accused-appellant's conviction was based on the strength of the prosecution's evidence against him. It must be underscored that accused-appellant was positively identified by Regaspi as the person who shot Romeo Calizar on that fateful day of 28 August 1987. The defense tried to discredit Regaspi by imputing to him the crime. Rogelio Banogon[29] and Leonora Arboleda[30] were presented by the defense to support its theory that it was Regaspi, conspiring with his aunt and the victim's wife, Demetria, who killed Romeo Calizar. Thus, in his third assignment of error, accused-appellant avers that the trial court committed reversible when it did not give any credence to the testimonies of these defense witnesses.Alaminos, a bustling seaside town of Pangasinan which had been silent witness for seven years to a series of salvages (summary killings) attributed to a self-styled group of vigilantes who had become notorious and untouchable, could now be said to be enjoying once again the serene atmosphere it used to experience in years of yore.
This is so because the leader of the vigilante group, tagged as "Aguila Gang" for the eagle tattoo sported by its members, had already been arrested by joint elements of the Alaminos police station and 1st provincial mobile force company of the Pangasinan PNP provincial command, with the assistance of the intelligence group from the Ilocos PNP regional command.
With the arrest of gang leader Ramon Navarro y Escobar, second most wanted person in Region I, the Aguila Gang, reportedly composed of eight to ten armed members and believed to be behind the violent death of at least 28 persons since it was organized sometime in 1986 until October in 1993, is now said to be neutralized.
BIRTH OF AGUILA
The execution, mostly of suspected criminals started late 1986 when then Lt. Marlou C. Chan, then the municipal police chief, organized a vigilante group to go after cattle rustlers, thieves and drug pushers.
At the core of the group, according to the testimony of Reniedo to the NBI, were he, Navarro, the slain Bito and two others who are still being tracked down by police and military intelligence agents. Navarro was a former military informer.
"In the beginning, the people tend to approve of their activities, especially after seeing known criminals being killed one after another," said Dr. Pedro Braganza in an interview with the Philippine Daily Inquirer.
OPERATION: MARIA KAPRA
Including the charges filed by the NBI, Navarro was charged for nine counts of criminal cases, ranging from rape, murder and illegal possession of firearms, before the regional trial court in Alaminos. This placed him as the second most wanted person in Region I with a recommended reward of P100,000."[28]
Art. 248. Murder. - Any person who, not falling within the provisions of Article 246 shall kill another, shall be guilty of murder and shall be punished by reclusion temporal in its maximum period to death[36] if committed with any of the following circumstances:There is treachery when the shooting was unexpected and sudden, giving the unarmed victim no chance whatsoever to defend himself. The two conditions for treachery to be present are: (1) that at the time of the attack, the victim was not in a position to defend himself and (2) the offender consciously adopted the particular means, method or form of attack employed by him.[37]x x x
- With treachery, taking advantage of superior strength, with the aid of armed men, or employing means to weaken the defense or of means or persons to insure or afford impunity.
[F]rom the evidence presented, the poor victim was dragged from inside the jeep by the accused and when he was on the ground, he was kicked and when he fell down, he was shot three times. The shooting of the victim by the accused is all of a sudden. From all indications, there was no opportunity for the deceased to defend himself or to retaliate and the means of execution was deliberately adopted. The accused was in the jeep together with the deceased. The deceased would not have ridden into that jeep if he knows that he will be killed. So that when the deceased rode into that jeep before he was killed, the offender must have consciously adopted that particular means or method by use of a motor vehicle in order that the accused's dastardly act could be accomplished. The Court takes note of the time of the killing at night and the fact that the victim was dragged from inside the jeep by the accused and after the victim was outside of the jeep, the accused kicked him and shot him three times. These circumstances alone would provide that scenario that indeed, the victim was not in the position to defend himself.[38]Finally, following the doctrine enunciated in People vs. Molina[39] and reiterated in People vs. Feloteo[40] and People vs. Lazaro,[41] among others, the trial court appropriately considered the separate criminal charge of illegal possession of firearms against accused-appellant merely as an aggravating circumstance in this case. As the law stands today, there can no longer be a separate conviction of the crime of illegal possession of firearms under P.D. No. 1866 in view of the amendments introduced by Republic Act No. 8294.[42] Instead, illegal possession of firearms is simply taken as an aggravating circumstance in murder or homicide pursuant to Section 1 of R.A. No. 8294. Said provision of law reads in part:
If homicide or murder is committed with the use of unlicensed firearm, such use of an unlicensed firearm shall be considered as an aggravating circumstance.In illegal possession of firearms, two (2) requisites must be established: (1) the existence of the subject firearm, and (2) the fact that the accused who owned or possessed the gun did not have the corresponding license or permit to carry it outside his residence.[43] The first element - the existence of the firearm - was indubitably established by the prosecution. Regaspi actually saw accused-appellant shoot the victim with a .45 caliber gun. Two empty shells and two slugs of a .45 caliber gun were recovered near the body of the victim by the police authorities and these were offered in evidence by the prosecution. Further, the testimony of SPO3 Romeo De Guzman of the Firearms and Explosives Office of the PNP Camp Crame attesting that based on their records, accused-appellant is not licensed or authorized to possess or carry a firearm suffices to prove the second element. The trial court, therefore, judiciously convicted accused-appellant for the crime of murder with the use of an unlicensed firearm.